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Bio Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the levels of organization? | Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere |
| What is an organism? | One individual plant, animal, or single cell life form |
| What is a population? | A group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time |
| What is a community? | A group of populations of different species |
| What is an ecosystem? | A community with its biotic and abiotic factors |
| What is a biome? | Several communities with climate |
| What is a biosphere? | The global ecological system integrating all ecosystems, their relationships |
| What can take energy from any organism? | Decomposers |
| What are the types of consumers (6 types)? | Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, decomposers, scavengers, detritivores |
| What are carnivores? | Only kill and eat other animals |
| What are herbivores? | Only eat plants |
| What are omnivores? | Eat plants and animals |
| What are decomposers? | Chemically break down organic matter |
| What are scavengers? | Consume the carcasses of other dead animals |
| What are detritivores? | Feed on detritus (small pieces of leftover carcass after scavengers) |
| What is a food web? | A web of interconnected food chains |
| What is a food chain? | The single, linear path flow of energy |
| What do pyramids of biomass show? | The relative amount of organic matter available at each trophic level |
| What do pyramids of numbers show? | The relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level |
| What do energy pyramids show? | The flow of energy between the trophic levels |
| What does the 10% rule of energy say? | Only 10% of energy is passed between trophic levels |
| What are the trophic levels of an energy pyramid? | Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, quaternary consumers |
| Where does energy go based on the 10% rule? | ( 1) Cellular respiration, not all food at each level is eaten, not all food is digestible, waste biomass |
| What are the levels of the open ocean? | Photic, aphotic, abysal zone |
| What is the photic zone of the open ocean? | Top surface of the ocean where the most photosynthesis occurs, with low nutrients and small species of phytoplankton |
| What is the aphotic zone of the open ocean? | Deeper part of the ocean that is permanently dark, no photosynthesis, high pressure/cold temperatures, zooplankton |
| What does the line represent in climatographs? | Temperature |
| What do the bars represent in climatographs? | Precipitation |
| What is the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis? | Photosynthesis uses light to convert CO2 and water into O2 and glucose, while chemosynthesis (used by bacteria) uses chemical energy from hydrogen sulfide |
| What do fish and shellfish use as breeding and nursery grounds? | Estuaries |
| How are estuaries different from other marine ecosystems? | The water has some salinity but not as much as the ocean because they are the point where rivers meet oceans |
| What part of the ocean is the open ocean? | Pelagic zone |
| What is the abysal zone? | Deepest part of ocean, chemosynthesis occurs |
| What are the marine ecosystems? | Intertidal zone, coastal zone (coral reefs, kelp forests) |
| What are the freshwater ecosystems? | Estuaries, rivers/streams, lakes/ponds, wetlands |
| Why are wetlands important? | Hurricane surges, flood control |
| Which type of pyramid cannot be made upside down? | Energy pyramid |
| Where does all energy come from? | Sun |
| What is population density? | The amount of individuals in a given area |
| What is the area inhabited by a population? | A geographic range |
| What are the patterns of population dispersion? | Uniform/even, random, clumped |
| What are the factors that can affect population size? | Birthrate, death rate, and the rate at which individuals enter/leave population |
| What is immigration? | A population grows and organisms move into its range |
| What is emmigration? | A population shrinks and organisms leave its range |
| What are the two patterns of population growth? | Exponential and Logistic |
| What is exponential growth? | The larger a population gets, the faster it grows |
| What is logistic growth? | A population's growth starts slow, becomes exponential, then slows and stops at its carrying capacity |
| What is carrying capacity? | The maximum number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support |
| What are the types of limiting factors? | Density-dependent and density-independent |
| What are the density-dependent limiting factors? | Usually biotic, competition, parasitism, overcrowding, herbivore effects, humans as predators |
| What is intraspecific competition? | Members of the same species compete for mates, food, and shelter |
| What is interspecific competition? | Different species compete, leading to evolutionary change |
| What are density-independent limiting factors? | Usually abiotic, like natural disasters (will wipe out many organisms regardless of density) |
| What are the patterns of survivorship? | Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 |
| What is the type 1 pattern of survivorship? | High survival rates at low and middle ages, and a rapid decline at older ages (like in mammals) |
| What is the type 2 pattern of survivorship? | Roughly equal survival rates at all ages (birds/lizards) |
| What is the type 3 pattern of survivorship? | Low survivor rates at low ages, but some who make it past have high survival rates at low ages (plants/animals with lots of offspring, trees) |
| What is demography? | The study of human populations |
| What have most countries gone through in terms of population? | The demographic transition |
| What happens in the demographic transition? | The birth and death rates are equally high --> the death rate falls but the birth remains high --> both fall |
| What do age-structure diagrams/population pyramids compare? | Population growth in different countries |
| What are microbiomes? | Microbial communities in places otherwise not considered habitable (your gut) |
| What is tolerance? | A species' to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances |
| What is a niche? | The way an organisms interacts with the aspects of its environment |
| What is the Competitive Exclusion Principle? | No two organisms can share the same niche, and if they do one will outcompete the other |
| What is Niche Partitioning? | Organisms occupy different areas of a similar niche to avoid competition (save energy) |
| What is predation? | The interaction between a predator and its prey |
| What is herbivory? | An interaction where one animal feeds on producers |
| What is mimicry? | One species evolves to resemble another species |
| What is Mϋllerian mimicry? | Different harmful species evolve to mimic each other (both have same pattern to show they are venomous) |
| What is Batesian mimicry? | Harmless animals evolve to resemble venomous animals (a non-toxic butterfly mimics a monarch) to avoid predation |
| What is startle coloration? | Animals suddenly flash colors that resemble those of more dangerous animals to startle predators |
| What is symbiosis? | A relationship in which two species live closely together |
| What are the types of symbiotic relationships? | Mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism |
| What is mutualism? | Two species benefit from each other |
| What is parasitism? | One species lives in/on another and harms it |
| What is commensalism? | One organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed |
| What is a keystone species? | A species with a disproportionately large effect on its community structure |
| What is a foundation species? | A species that plays a unique and essential role in creating and defining its community |
| What is an invasive species? | A species that has been introduced to areas outside of their native area and could/have caused harm |
| What is ecological succession? | A series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time |
| What is primary succession? | Succession that begins in an area with no remnants of a previous community |
| What are pioneer species? | The first species to colonize empty areas of land in primary succession (moss/lichen) |
| What is secondary succession? | Succession where a disturbance affects a community but doesn't completely destroy it (soil survives) |
| Is primary or secondary succession faster? | Secondary (fewer stages, soil survives) |
| What are climax communities? | Final stage of succession, combination of plants/animals/fungi that occupy an area |
| What are the types of biodiversity? | Ecosystem diversity, species diversity, genetic diversity |
| What is ecosystem diversity? | Variety of ecosystems present in biosphere |
| What is species diversity? | Variety of different species and relative abundance of each species in a community |
| What is genetic diversity? | Variety of genes or inheritable characteristics present in a population |
| How does biodiversity change in an environment's distance to the equator? | As distance to the equator increases, biodiversity decreases |
| What is resilience? | A natural or human system's ability to recover after a disturbance |
| What are human threats to biodiversity? | Habitat fragmentation, hunting and farming, introduced invasive species, and pollution |
| What is an ecological hot spot? | A place where many species and habitats are in immediate danger of extinction |
| What are the biogeochemical cycles? | Phosphorus, water, carbon, nitrogen |
| What is your ecological footprint? | The total area of healthy land and water ecosystems needed to provide the resources you use |
| What are anthromes (anthropogenic biomes)? | Human-altered biomes |
| What causes acid rain? | Sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides (from fossil fuels) dissolve in fog/raindrops and form sulfuric/nitric acid that precipitates |
| What is ocean acidification? | Carbon dioxide released by fossil fuels and dissolved into seawater |
| What is biomagnification? | The process by which pollutants are concentrated as they pass through trophic levels |
| Who is most affected by biomagnification? | Apex predators |
| What kind of distribution does resource competition lead to? | Uniform distribution |
| What kind of consumers can omnivores be? | Primary and secondary |
| What are three major greenhouse gases? | CO2, H2O, and O3 |
| What is the equilibrium phase of logistic growth? | When a habitat reaches its carrying capacity |
| What is chemosynthesis? | The chemical conversion of carbon molecules to organic matter |
Created by:
agastyad