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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| list the reasons for revival of cuban Independance movements in the 1890s | us tarrifs on cuban sugar, reduced external demands fro sugar, swelled unemployment, and historical class racial and general decides that placed Spanish imperialism as the xcause for their problems |
| who was Jose marti | organizational leader of the revolutionary movement during the early days of revolution. (1853-95) |
| who was the founder of El partido revolucionario Cubano? | Jose marti |
| what were eth egoals of El partido revolucianario Cubano? | absolute independence of Cuba, and to aid puerto Rico in the same. attempted an invasion of Cuba in 95 where jose marti was killed. |
| what role did afrocubanos play in the Cuban Independance moevment | played huge roles in the armed struggle, consistently made up the majority of soldiers |
| mambises | Cuban guerrilla soldiers typically of African descent |
| what was the role of women in the Independance of cuba | provided food, intelligence information, and armed support. |
| what were the social consequence of afrocubanos and women's roles in the independence movement of Cuba? | lead to increased respect and eventual support for the rights and respect of these groups. |
| what was the American fear for Cuban independance'? | largely based on racism, most us leaders were white supremesisits who were worried about financial interests due to damaged property as well as a similar race war situation as what happened in Haiti. |
| what demographic did the Cuban independance' movement gain sympathy with during the late 1800s? | american working class |
| what was the us justification for interference in the Cuban independacnce movement | sinking of uss maine in Havana harbor, mainly upset bc if Cuban revolutionaries took over it would be damaging to us economic interests. |
| what was missing from the us's mediating talks/armistice during the Cuban Independance emovement | offered no mention of cuban independance. |
| what was the fear among Cuban revolutionary leaders about us intervention during the Cuban Independance movement/.? | feared it would result in us econ control of Cuba or the annexation of Cuba to the us. |
| how did us relations/allyship with Cuba function during the war for Independance. | Cuba just wanted to purchase arms. in actuality, us ignored Cuban generals/millitary when making decisions. cubans were not involved in war councils or peace negotations. |
| what was the initial plan of the us towards cuba? | turn it into a self governing colony, attemop to secure liberal econ policies and political stability. us wanted to pacify Cuba. |
| what was the etactics ofthe us army when attempting to pacify Cuba? | offered to purchase arms from an at the time starving population. also foffered key rebel leaders well paid positions. |
| what was lacking in the rural guard, and what was the purpose of it. | lacked afrocubanos solders, eradicate bandatry and protect foreign owned property. |
| what were the three major goals of the us following the Cuban war for independance. | turn cuba into a self governing colony, repair destruction by war and provide services to sustain us occupation/promote econ recovey, and absorb Cuba into the us's sphere of econ influence. |
| what were some positive change that happened under us occupation | national education system and sanitary services that eliminate things like yellow fever |
| what was the caveats of the beneficial services such as santation and education in Cuba under the us? | they were all paid for out of the Cuban Treasury.' |
| who was favored in the us occupied Cuba. | creole planter class and Spaniards who had opposed Independance. |
| what law did the us put in place in Cuba to benefit creole planters/Spaniards. | basicallysaid the only people who could vote were adult males with property worth 250$ and literacy. |
| platt amendment | limited ability of Cuba to conduct foreign policy and borrow money abroad. authorized guantanamo bay and GAVE US RIGHT TO INTERVENTION IN PRESERVATION OF CUUBAN INDEPENDANCE/ MAINTANAINECE OF GOVT "ADEQUATE" |
| what did the recipricol trade agreement of 1903 bt Cuba and us acheive | cut the us tarrif on Cuban sugar by 20% and Cuba reduced duties on us imported goods |
| what was the effect of the platt amendment on the economy | assured us businessmen of protectionna nd a favorable investment climate in Cuba. lead to increased sugar and railroad constricution |
| define latifundio | large privately owned agricultural estates or plantations, primarily foreign owned. |
| what two things lead to the dominion of the latifundia in Cuba post spanishIndependance. | concentration of land and mills and the proletarianization of sugar workers. devestation lead to increased foreign ownership which also lead to larger mills that bought up most of the cane land, also reduced the colono or tenant farmers to near slavery |
| colono | sugarcane planters or tenant farmers who worked under contract for larger mills. |
| what was the effect of the latifundia system on colonos? | kept them in substistence levels and deeply indebted to the mills with constant fear of eviction. lead to larger displacement and low wags and seasonal jobs causing a rural to urban migration. sharecropping. ended most small independant mills. |
| what were the options for farmers displaced by the latifundia? | work for small wages on a seasonal basis or emigrate to cities where jobs were scarce. |
| what was the effect of the low wages and ruin of small mills on the Cuban ecnomy | limited domestic market and industrialization. inadequate for the development of an internal market. |
| how did president estrada function in the early days of political independance from spain | lacked large Cuban support and relied on us sponsored policies and got favor from local elites through patronage graft fraud corruption and intimidation. |
| what were the effects of Estrada's political policies. | alienated propertied elites, lower classes seethed at the govts neglect of original goals of Independance equality and social justice. |
| why did elite resestance to us domination disappear after the second occupation | system of institutionalized corruption which united all of the elite in order to favor the eus |
| who was sentt to cuba to preside over the provisional us govt in Cuba>? | judge Charles magoon. |
| what were some of the "achievements:" of Charles mangoon? | prohibited rimmigration of races of color, purged partisans froom rural guard and restructured it to protect private property and the elite. |
| wow as jose Isabel herrera | mambise who advocated against the us investors, Spanish immigrants, and loyalist elites. |
| evaristo estenoz | devod the independant party of color to defend the interests of black cubasns, promote radical democracy, denounce white supremacy and wanted Cuba for cubans. |
| what was the econ result of ww1 for cuba | HUGGGGEEEE sugar boom with allies completely dependent on Cuban sugar. also accelerated the concentration of the sugar industry to us hands. |
| dance eof the millions | prices of sugar climbedd after the regulation of prices by allies. eventually prices collapsed causing chaos for Cuban econ |
| how was the Cuban econ effected by sugar burst in 1921 | loans failed causing banks to close and us raised tariffs/. lead to us millitary intervention. |
| what were the social effects of sugar burst | lead to nationalism nd hate for foreign domination and monoculture. |
| Gerardo machado | said he was nationalistic but still had close links to us econ interest and was co-chair of a us owned company. neglected promises for women suffrage but let them have leave. |
| why was machado popular at first | gave woen nursing breaks and established female hiring quotas, attempted to protect small and medium producers against severe price declines. |
| why did sugar stagnate/decline eduring machado | us had sugar beets, internation competition increased supply |
| porra | secret police of mochado |
| what were the political oppositions response to machado | revolts, protests, general strikes against violence and brutality ultimatley lead to resignation. |
| what sparked the Cuban rev of 1933 | 200,000 sugar workers and students seized a mill, sparking others to follow. |
| what were the first actions taken by the political junta after the revolution f 1933 and grau | 8 hour work day, labor department, end to imported labor, greatedr access to low income kids to university. land redistribution and women's suffrage. protections for wokring mothers aswell. |
| what was the issues with the revolutionary coalition junta in the end | left though they weren't radical enough, moderates said to radical us financial interests became alienated. |
| who was the us associat eof Batista? | Sumner Welles. weakeened grau admin to support batistas. |
| batista | mullatto son of a sugar worker, supported by Welles, moderate overall and popular among the masses |
| what did were the populist reforms of batista | some labor protections, guarantees for women's syffrage, and limited rights of private property when they conflicted with public needs. |
| what was the effects of wws2 and Korean war on Cuban econ | deepened trade dependacny on sugar and us markets. also used profits to attempt to stabilize capital labor and property relations. |
| what was the result of graus return to office | huge corruption, increase in trade union organization. did not help or attempt to help problems in agrarian reform or monoculture. |
| what were the POSTWAR effects of ww2 and Korean war? | overseas sugar markets and collapse of intl sugar prices, and us reduction of sugar quota, spread econ depression across cuba |
| what was eddie chibabas fear as the leading opposition canidate of the 1952 election | that a military coup or fraud would prevent his election. shot himself on air to try and start uprising. |
| what did Batista do once he overthrew the prio admin | outlawed Cuban communist party violently supressed labor strikes, abolished unions, and eliminated most earlier populist restrictions on business freedom. |
| what did the Batista admin do in order t appease business elites? | made statements that the coups goal was to bring about change in labor employer relations and remove obstacles for investment of national and foreign capital. |
| the July 26th movemnt | led by Fidel Castro, unsuccessful attempt to overthrowgovt by assaulting the barracks. |
| who did Castro base his revolution on | Jose marti |
| Fidel castro | son of a wealthy Spanish farmer, attended a jesuit school, attemmoted to invade Dominican Republic, worked in student unions etc. eventual pres of cuba |
| Hayden santamaria | founding member of the antibatista resistenvce. |
| Melba hernandez | lawyer who defended Castro, built network of urban and rural women who served rev as interpreters meds messengers etcc |
| Mariana granjalas | female combat unit/ |
| the granma | ship used when Castro attempted to coup in Havana. |
| what kind of combat did Castro y che use | [guerilla warfare, che especially helped to gain rural support. |
| what was the role of the media in the Cuban revolution | Castro used an interview with Herbert matthews NYT in order to Garner sympathy in the us, and prove that he was still alive |
| what area did Castro get the most rural support from? | oriente |
| what demographic of revolutionaries was responsible for tactical planning | largely from their urban underground which often were unsung |
| Margo rodriguez | lawyer who was imprisoned for going against the Batista govt, also represented many in the urban uoprisings. |
| how did baptista alienate us support | through his use of bombers and other millitary equipment to stop revolts; us had sad spec not to use it for domestic purposes and suspended arms shipments. |
| what were the issues with the baptista millitary? | corruption and led by incompetent members who had been promoted by batista |
| how did the Batista regime attempt to overcome the the coup | created a new govt through a fraudulent coup |
| what were the first goals of the revolution in power | socialization of the economy and established a new pattern of foreign relations, consolidating the domestic political opinion. |
| fundamental law of the republic | basically said that concentrated legislative power in the executive branch, in Cuba's case, Castro. believed they were unfit for a parliamentary democracy. |
| how did the revolutionaries treat former baptistas | suppressed freedom of press and conducted trials against former batisianos and a large number of Batista henchmen were executed. |
| what were econ goals of revolutionaries | land reform income redistribution agricultural diversification, and econ Independance from the us. |
| what were the effects of the revolutionaries goals. | alienated middle class support, but allied with the popular socialist party. |
| how did Cuba attempt to rid dependence on the united states and diversify their economy | by allying with the ussr |
| why were the us oil companies mad | bc Cuba wanted to use their refineries to refine Soviet oil----cheqper than the us oil. companies refused and so Cuba expropriated the refineries. |
| how did the use respond to Cuba's expropriation of oil | they abolished the us sugar quota. |
| how did Cuba respond to the abolishing of the us sugar quota? | by expropriaing numerous us owned properties. |
| how did the us respond to the expropriation of all us companies in cuba | by starting an embargo that still hasn't lifted. |
| what was the us's reaction to Cuba in the 80s | used the CIA in order to attempt to start a coup. |
| bay of pigs | failed us invasion of Cuba, by jfk, based on assumption that cuban people would revolt (they didn't) |
| us missle crisis | missiles got placed on Cuban land, us got mad and it almost led to nuclear war. instead us had to remove misseks from trueky |
| how was the Cuban revolution diff from other guerrilla revs | guerilla portion was very short and caused little destruction,. they also had develuped communications and transortation systems like railroad. also unused land that could be used for new industrialization. |
| how was land reform diff in cuba | workers largely proletaritized, instead of asking for own land, they ared for improved working conditions and wages. |
| why did the Cuban econimc plan fail? | the reorganization of econ caused local disruptions, and coupled with the us embargo caused crippling shortages. many of their most able technicians fled the country in the first wave. |
| what were the initial inscentives offered by the Cuban revolutionary govt | material incentives, endorsed by more trade marxist standards to spur production. |
| what did the incentives change to by 69 | modern socialist man; mix of moral and material incentives. |
| what were the successes in Cuba with unemployment | redistribution of incomeeand raised wages led to unemployment being virtually wiped out. |
| the first law of agrarian land reform | facilitated the redistribution of land. restricted sizes of estates and authorized govt to expropriate private holdings. batisa properties were taken over immediately. other private holdings would be indemnified depending on the assessed value of propert |
| what did the Cuban govt do with expropriated land? | distributed it in small plots or established cooperatives which the institute of agrarian reform administrated. a lot in oriente province. |
| long range problems of redistributionn of income | more money to spend left higher demand for food which resulted in rationing and overkilling of cattle. other disposable income lead to more scarcity of resources |
| pros and cons of the agricultural diversification programs. | used cane lands to diversify crops, but then the cane crop was bad. |
| industrial reforms of Cuban revolution? | govt took over management of many us companies like the us telephone company. |
| second law of agrarian reform. | expropriation of thousands of medium sized farms, led to sate farms . forced small farms to sell to thee state farms aswell. |
| ten million ton sugar harvest. | attempt to stress moral incentives and to create the largest sugar harvest in history. doomed yo fail and required mobilization of non-agricultural labor that destabilized the eecon. |
| list some popular protest musicians in response to the authoritarian actions of Castro. | carlos pueblos and los compadres. often combined traditional Cuban music with revolutionary praises. Nueva trova. |
| Haydee santamaria response toi the arrests of artists. | tried to protect the protest artists and then supported their work at international music festivals and stuff. |
| how did Cuban foivt reform productivity in 72 | used a quota system and material incentives that increased productivity by 20%. also began to pay more for productivity and complexity rather than just need/ |
| achievements of revolutionary govt | low unemployment, public health, equitable distribution of land, and education. controlled rents, high home ownership. |
| Vilma espin | headed the Cuban women's federation (fmc) helped to devo a national childcare system which freed women to pursue careers. rural education system irradiated the illitaracy |
| family code of 1975 | said that house managing had to be equal among the men and women, and had a right for both spouses to educationa dn carreer. |
| how did afrocubanos end up after the revolution | though they were better off then they were, they were still unequally represented in many economic and social sectores. raicsim was still prominent. |
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cautionarytale