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Unit 2 set 15
Individualistic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are individualistic theories of criminality? | Theories that explain crime through personality traits, thought processes, or learned behaviour, unique to each individual. |
| What do these theories assume about criminals? | That criminal behaviour results from internal factors (personality, cognition, learning), not biology or society alone. |
| Why were early psychodynamic studies criticised? | They lacked objectivity and relied on Freud analysing people he already knew. |
| What are the four types of individualistic theories? | Psychodynamic Eysenck’s personality theory Learning theories Cognitive theories |
| What is personality? | A set of traits that influence behaviour, emotions, and thoughts. |
| According to Eysenck, which three traits predict crime? | Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism (ENP). |
| What behaviour do extraverts show? | Seek excitement, take risks, sociable, thrill‑seeking. |
| What behaviour do neurotics show? | Anxious, moody, emotionally unstable, impulsive. |
| What behaviour do psychotic individuals show? | Aggression, tough‑mindedness, lack of empathy. |
| Why did Eysenck believe criminals score high on ENP? | They are harder to condition, meaning rules and punishment don’t deter them as effectively. |
| What two ideas did Eysenck draw on? | Conditioning + genetic inheritance. |
| What is a strength of Eysenck’s theory? | Links crime to biological and psychological traits. |
| What is a weakness? | Oversimplifies personality and ignores social factors like upbringing. |
| What are the three parts of personality in Freud’s model? | Id, Ego, Superego. |
| What does the Id do? | Seeks pleasure, impulses, immediate gratification. |
| What does the Superego do? | Acts as the moral conscience, guilt, rules. |
| What does the Ego do? | Balances Id and Superego to make rational decisions. |
| How might childhood trauma affect criminal behaviour? | Weakens the superego, making guilt and empathy less developed. |
| How might Freud explain Ted Bundy? | A damaged superego and dominant Id from childhood trauma could lead to lack of empathy and violent impulses. |
| What is maternal deprivation? | Long‑term separation from a primary caregiver during early childhood. |
| What did Bowlby find in the 44 Thieves Study? | Many thieves had early separation and were affectionless psychopaths. |
| What is the internal working model? | Early relationships form a blueprint for future emotional behaviour. |
| What is Bowlby’s “critical period”? | The first 5 years of life. |
| Name one strength. | Strong research evidence linking early separation to later problems. |
| Name one limitation. | Does not distinguish privation vs deprivation. |
| What is classical conditioning? | Learning through association (Pavlov). |
| What is operant conditioning? | Behaviour learned through reward and punishment (Skinner). |
| What is Social Learning Theory? | Learning through observation, imitation, and modelling (Bandura). |
| What is vicarious reinforcement? | Learning by watching others being rewarded or punished. |
| What was the Bobo Doll experiment? | Children copied adult aggression after observing it. |
| What is cognition? | Processes like thinking, perception, memory, decision‑making. |
| How can cognition explain crime? | Criminals may have faulty thinking patterns, e.g., minimising harm, blaming victims. |
| What influence do criminologists believe the MAOA gene has? | Can increase risk of aggression and impulsivity. |
| What do twin studies show in one sentence? | Identical twins show higher concordance for crime, suggesting genetic influence. |
Created by:
Cabezablanca