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unit 2 4.3 set 10
sociological theories and policy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do right realists assume about criminals? | They believe offenders make a rational choice to commit crime. |
| What are the three main right‑realist crime control policies? | Situational crime prevention, environmental crime prevention, and penal populism/imprisonment. |
| What is situational crime prevention? | Reducing crime by making it riskier or harder to commit. |
| What theory is SCP based on? | Rational choice theory — offenders weigh up risks and rewards. |
| What is target hardening? | Increasing security, e.g., locks, CCTV, security guards. |
| What are defensible spaces? | Designing environments to discourage crime, e.g., barriers, spikes, controlled access. |
| What is a key weakness of SCP? | Displacement — crime may move elsewhere, to softer targets. |
| What does Broken Windows Theory argue? | Visible disorder signals no one cares, attracting more crime. |
| What are the two policies linked to Broken Windows? | Environmental improvement & zero tolerance policing. |
| What is zero tolerance policing? | Tough action on all crime, even minor offences. |
| What are criticisms of zero tolerance? | Can increase youth crime, encourage racist policing, and ignores structural causes. |
| What is penal populism? | Politicians pushing tough punishments because they are popular with the public. |
| What event is linked to the rise of penal populism? | The James Bulger case (1993). |
| What is the right‑realist claim about prison? | “Prison works” through incapacitation and deterrence. |
| What did the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 introduce? | Mandatory minimum sentences (e.g., three‑strike rules). |
| What is a key criticism of imprisonment? | High reoffending: 23.9% reconvicted within a year of release |
| What do left realists see as the root cause of crime? | Inequality and an unfair social structure. |
| What three policies do left realists support? | Reducing inequality, democratic policing, and a multi‑agency approach. |
| Why do left realists want structural change? | To reduce relative deprivation, a key cause of crime. |
| Why are the police losing support in poorer areas? | Widespread distrust of the police. |
| What happens when police lose cooperation? | They rely on military policing (e.g., stop & search), which reduces trust further. |
| What must the police do to regain trust? | Work with local communities to set policing priorities. |
| Which crimes should be prioritised? | Crimes harming the disadvantaged, e.g., domestic violence and hate crime. |
| What initiative helps rebuild trust? | Neighbourhood policing and PSCOs engaging with residents. |
| How has cannabis policing changed? | Many forces now treat cannabis possession as a low priority. |
| What is the role of PSCOs? | Building positive community relationships through local presence. |
| Why do left realists support a multi‑agency approach? | Crime prevention needs schools, housing, health, youth services, police, and probation working together. |
| Why is multi‑agency cooperation important? | It helps identify risks early, e.g., safeguarding or domestic abuse. |
| What is an example of a multi‑agency initiative? | No Knives, Better Lives — involving schools, councils, police. |
| What was Sure Start designed to do? | Support families in disadvantaged areas to reduce future inequality and crime risk. |
| What happened to Sure Start under austerity? | Many centres faced major funding cuts or closed. |
Created by:
Cabezablanca