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unit 2 4.3 set 9
Individualistic theories and policy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does psychoanalysis argue causes criminality? | Unconscious conflicts between the id and superego, especially a weak superego. |
| How does a weak superego develop? | Through inadequate early socialisation, often caused by uncaring or absent parents. |
| What is the aim of psychoanalytic treatment? | To bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness so they can be resolved. |
| What techniques did Freud use to access the unconscious mind? | Hypnosis and free association. |
| Why is psychoanalysis rarely used for offenders? | It is extremely time‑consuming and expensive. |
| Why did Aichhorn believe young offenders became criminal? | They lacked loving relationships and had not developed a proper superego. |
| How did Aichhorn treat young offenders differently? | By creating a warm, supportive environment instead of harsh punishment. |
| What did Eysenck find about the effectiveness of psychoanalysis? | Only 44% of patients improved vs 72% receiving standard medical treatment. |
| Why does this raise doubts about using psychoanalysis for offenders? | f it has limited effectiveness for neurosis, it's unlikely to work for criminals. |
| What ethical concerns exist about psychoanalysis? | It creates a power imbalance between therapist and client. |
| What theory are token economies based on? | Operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment). |
| What is the aim of a token economy? | To increase desirable behaviour and reduce undesirable behaviour. |
| What is the first step in a token economy system? | Creating a list of desirable behaviours (e.g., obeying rules). |
| What happens when a prisoner performs a desired behaviour? | They earn a token. They are exchanged for rewards like snacks, visits or extra gym time. |
| What did Hobbs & Holt (1976) find about token economies? | A 33% improvement in positive behaviour among young offenders. |
| What is a major limitation of token economies? | Good behaviour often disappears once the rewards stop. |
| What ethical concern has been raised in the USA? | Food and drink being used as rewards, violating basic human rights. |
| What is one advantage of token economies? | cheap to run and can be delivered by trained staff. |
| What is one disadvantage of token economies? | Staff inconsistency can undermine the programme. |
| Do token economies reduce reoffending? | They may delay reoffending, but often do not produce long‑term behaviour change. |
| What did Eysenck say about the personality of sex offenders? | They tend to be strongly extravert and neurotic, making them harder to condition. |
| What is the basic aim of aversion therapy? | To re‑condition the offender so the deviant sexual arousal becomes associated with a negative stimulus. |
| What does aversion therapy involve in practice? | Thinking about deviant fantasies until aroused, then applying an aversive stimulus (e.g., electric shocks or vomiting-inducing drugs). |
| Is aversion therapy effective long term? | Success is very limited and usually short-term. |
| What do cognitive theories say shapes behaviour? | Our thoughts (cognitions), including distorted thinking patterns. |
| What is the aim of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for offenders? | To change distorted thinking, increase empathy, and build more mature attitudes. |
| What type of offenders is Aggression Replacement Training designed for? | Violent or aggressive offenders. |
| According to Novaco (1975), why do offenders display violent behaviour? | hey cannot deal with their anger appropriately, so it is expressed antisocially. |
| What are the three components of ART? | Interpersonal skills training, anger control techniques, and moral reasoning training. |
| What does moral reasoning training involve? | Confronting offenders with moral dilemmas to challenge their attitudes. |
| What do many evaluations show about ART? | Lower re‑conviction rates for those who complete the programme. |
| What is a key limitation found in some studies? | Thinking skills may improve, but actual behaviour does not always change. |
| What did Ainsworth (2001) conclude? | ART can reduce aggression, but effectiveness depends on offender motivation and programme quality |
Created by:
Cabezablanca