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Unit 2 4.1 set 8
Policy making biological
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do biological theories argue causes criminality? | Some physical or biological abnormality within the individual. |
| What is the goal of biological crime control policies? | To change or “cure” the biological condition that causes criminal behaviour. |
| Which biochemical factors have been linked to criminality? | Testosterone, substance abuse, and diet deficiencies. |
| Why do biochemical explanations lead to individualised treatments? | Because they focus on biological differences within the offender’s body or brain. |
| How can alcohol abuse influence criminal behaviour? | It can trigger violence or other criminal acts. |
| What is Antabuse used for? | To treat alcoholism through aversion therapy (causes unpleasant symptoms when alcohol is consumed). |
| Why is methadone used with heroin addicts? | As a safer, legal substitute to reduce crime committed to fund heroin use. |
| What is Vivitrol? | An injectable medication used to treat opioid dependence |
| What is chemical castration? | The use of drugs (e.g., Stilbestrol) to reduce testosterone and sexual urges in sex offenders. |
| What are problems with chemical castration? | Serious side effects such as breast development, feminisation, and psychiatric disorders. |
| Why are sedatives and tranquilisers used in prisons? | To keep violent or disruptive prisoners calm. |
| What ethical issue surrounds the use of sedatives on prisoners? | It may violate their autonomy and be used for control rather than treatment. |
| What did Gesch et al. find about diet in prisons? | Supplements reduced anti‑social or violent behaviour by up to 37%. |
| What did Schoenthaler find about a reduced‑sugar diet? | Anti-social behaviour dropped by 48%. |
| How have prisons responded to this research? | By introducing nutritionally balanced meals |
| What other conditions have been treated using diet? | Schizophrenia (Vitamin B3) and hyperactivity (removing artificial colouring). |
| What is surgical castration used for? | Historically to try to reduce sexual offending. |
| What is a lobotomy? | A procedure that cuts connections in the brain to reduce violent or psychotic behaviour. |
| Why are lobotomies rarely used now? | They can cause severe long‑term side effects and are considered unethical. |
| What is tear gas used for? | To disperse crowds or rioters. |
| What are the risks of tear gas? | Lung damage, breathing difficulties, or even death. |
| What did early genetic theories claim about criminality? | That a “criminal gene” could be inherited. |
| What was the goal of eugenics? | To prevent “genetically unfit” people from reproducing. |
| What policy did US courts approve in 1927? | Compulsory sterilisation of people deemed “unfit”. |
| How did the Nazis use eugenics? | Through forced sterilisation, euthanasia, and genocide to “purify” the population. |
| Why are eugenic policies considered unethical? | They violate human rights and have been used to justify atrocities such as the Holocaust. |
| Which biological interventions have shown some success? | Alcohol/drug treatments, sedatives in prisons, chemical castration for urges, and tear gas for crowd control. |
| What are some major drawbacks? | Severe side effects, ethical concerns, and risks of harm. |
Created by:
Cabezablanca