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Vet 246
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In creating images of the avian patient it is best if the machine used | Is capable of producing at least 300 milliamperes (mA), has an exposure time of 1/60 second (0.17 second) or faster, has a kilovolt peak (kVp) range of 40-60kVp that should be adjustable in 2-kVp increments |
| Why is a short exposure time important for birds | -To minimize the motion artifacts associated with a rapid respiratory rate. -Because of muscle tremors that are not uncommon |
| How does respiration in the avian patient affect imaging | In the bird the air is continuously moving into the pulmonary parenchyma, air sacs and the lungs are non-expansile, positive-pressure ventilation can be applied to an intubated anesthetized bird for air sac inflation |
| Where will you measure large cockatoo for a lateral view of the coelom | Over the keel |
| When positioning a cockatiel in right lateral recumbency you should tape the body in this order starting with the | Head and neck then the wings extended dorsally then the legs and lastly the tail |
| When you position an avian patient for a modified whole body/pectoral limb lateral view how do you ensure that the lateral coelom view is symmetrical | The head is slightly extended, the acetabula ribs coracoids femeral heads and kidneys are superimposed, the sternum and vertebral column are on the same plane |
| You have placed your anesthetized avian patient in right lateral recumbency for a skull image what is the best way to position the head | Separately tape the mandible and maxilla |
| You are positioning for a true mediolateral view of a wing after you centered the area of interest taped the head appropriately and opened the wings at a 90-degree angle to the body you will tape across | The carpal region of each wing and humeral region of affected wing if needed |
| For a mediolateral view of the foot in a parrot direct the central ray to the | Condyles of the tarsometatarsal bone |
| You need a ventrodorsal view of the avian coelom for a cockatoo you will measure and direct the central ray | Over the keel over the midline at the caudal tip of the sternum |
| For a ventrodorsal view of the avian coelom the best way to ensure symmetry is to make sure that | The keel is directly over the spine, the scapula, acetabulum and femur are parallel equidistant and symmetrical, and the wings are open at 90 degrees to the body |
| To see a true orthogonal view of the wing, you need to take a view. | Caudocranial (CdCr) |
| Another name for the CdCr view of the wing is | Leading edge view and hanging drop view |
| To prepare an avian patient for a cloacagram you will | Administer retrograde barium into the vent |
| To ensure that the ventrodorsal view in a hamsters survey radiograph is symmetrical you check positioning to make sure that the animal is as straight as possible with no rotation and that | The vertebrae and the sternebrae are on the same vertical plane, the animal is as straight as possible, and the acetabula are symmetrical and the femurs parallel if possible |
| The use of ultrasound in imagining | Does not involve ionizing radiation |
| Echogenicity is | The appearance of tissues based on the ability to reflect sound waves |
| Attenuation is | The loss of sound wave energy as it travels through the tissue |
| Which of the following is not an advantage of using ultrasound imagining | The need for protection from magnetic fields |
| The name for the ultrasound probe is a | Transducer |
| What will result in reduced image resolution and clarity | Panting or struggling of the patient |
| What type of doppler would be most useful to evaluate a heart condition | Continuous wave doppler |
| The image on the screen is very dark demonstrating a limited gray scale which knob should be adjusted to brighten the image | The gain |
| By adjusting this setting you would affect the gain settings and tissue harmonics in order to gain the ideal image | Optimization |
| An equine practice that specializes in lameness would only need to have one transducer. Which type of transducer would be the most effective for lameness evaluations | Linear |
| What chemicals are safe to clean a transducer | 10% bleach solution, a glutaraldehyde-based disinfectant, and 70% isopropyl alcohol |
| One of the most common artifacts on ultrasounds is due to the reflections of sound waves when they come into contact with air this artifact is referred to as | Reverberation |
| This type of artifact is commonly seen with uroliths or bone when most of the sound beam is either reflected away or absorbed | Acoustic shadowing |
| Fluoroscopy changed the static nature of the x-ray image | The real-time image of the patient was projected to a fluorescent screen |
| This function on a fluoroscope can reduce the patient dose by one-half | Pulse |
| This portion of the image intensifier lines the sides of the image intensifier and directs the electrons to the positively charged anode | Electrostatic focusing lens |
| In addition to real-time imaging, this is an advantage to using fluoroscopy in a veterinary practice | Comparison of images from static to real time, can change from DV to VD without moving the patient, images can be obtained in a surgery suite |
| The miniature c-arm is very useful when scanning | Equine legs |
| Which is true for fluoroscopy | The kV and mA and time values are the same as traditional radiography units and Fluoro mode uses low mAs and high kVs |
| Computed tomography uses imaging and a computer | To demostrate patient anatomy pathology by imaging "slices" of the patient |
| Hounsfield units | Translate the numerical value of each pixel into a density value |
| field of view | Represents the area imaged and translated into pixels |
| The section or layer with minimal blurring is referred to as the | Focal plane |
| Which type of tissue has a higher attenuation coefficient | Bone |
| For CT images the window of an image is the | The number of shades of gray making up the image |
| Which is true for CT scans over traditional x-rays | Require a higher kV and a higher mAs |
| Magnetic resonance imaging does not involve ionizing radiation | But the magnet is very strong and must be approached only by trained personnel |
| Magnetic resonance imaging is a useful imaging tool | It employs a powerful magnet to affect the atoms in the patient |
| MRI magnet technology allows the atoms to respond according to their own polarity. Prior to exposure to the magnet the protons and neutrons spin and wobble around the nucleus. This wobbling is referred to as | Precession |
| MRI technology uses radio frequencies tuned to the precessing frequency of which atoms | Hydrogen |
| Within the MRI unit are coils or assemblies within the magnetic bore that allow the machine to create images in any plane. The images from these coils are used to reconstruct images. Which is the correct name for these coils | Gradients |
| What is the contrast agent to use in MRI | Gadolinium |
| All of the following are safety concerns with using MRI | Implanted devices such as pacemakers and clips, ability of the animal to dissipate heat, and hearing loss |
| The half-life of a radioactive element describes | The time required for the quantity of radioactivity to be reduced by one half |
| Atoms that are in an abnormally excited state are referred to as | Radioactive atoms |
| An atom that is in the the process of radioactive decay is referred to as | A radionuclide |
| The radionuclide, iodine-131, is used in veterinary medicine to treat | Hyperthyroidism |
| The isotope used for nuclear scintigraphy especially in equine practices is | Technetium tc 99m |
| If a horse has been injected with technetium Tc 99m, for safety reasons, how long should the animal be isolated at the hospital | 48 hours |
| The imaging technology that allows for the combination of form and function is | PET/CT |
| The advantage to combining the CT with PET imaging is | Anatomical and functional data |
| With the hybrid imaging of the MRI and PET the veterinarian can | View high-resolution images, see where glucose is being metabolized, and see if a lump of tissue is cancerous |
| Xrays are | Initiated when the electrons in the cathode are heated |
| The xray tube | Is a heat resistant glass enclosure containing an anode and a cathode |
| In the production of xrays a certain amount of heat is produced. what percentage of heat is produced compared with the amount of radiation | 99% |
| The ALARA principle is an anagram for | As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
| Secondary or scattered radiation | Is the radiation from which the health care workers require protection |
| Three methods of protection are time distance and shielding | Time measures the amount of exposure during the examination, distance is the measurement of the xray source to the table |
| Radiation workers should be equiped with a personal dosimeter | That should be stored in a location where it will not be exposed to radiation |
| Inverse square law | Concerns the intensity of the radiation from a source |
| Film is constructed of | A base with a tint, and single or double emulsion |
| Emulsion consists of mainly | Silver halide |
| Intesifying screens | Provide a faster method of imaging |
| What are the two minimal orthogonal views for creating an image of the small-animal thorax | Lateral or VD/DV |
| How might a fairly obese, sedated cat affect your ability to obtain an accurate thoracic image | She may not ventilate fully causing misinterpretation of alveolar pattern |
| You are positioning a patient for a right lateral thoracic view you will measure | Over the caudal border of the scapula over the thickest part of the thorax |
| Dose increases when the | Object is moved closer to the source of the radiation |
| KV affects the image primarily in the range of | Contrast |
| Milliampere-seconds(mAs) contributes mainly to | Density |
| The strength of an xray beam is | Dependent on the penetrating power of the beam |
| The main purpose of fixer is | Remove the unexposed silver halide and ensure the image remains intact and permanent |
| The main function of the developing solution is to | Make the latent image visible |
| In computerized radiography | An imaging plate replaces the conventional cassette |
| You want to obtain a survey radiograph of a dogs abdomen that will most help you differentiate the various shades of gray between organs and structures | Using appropriate kVp and mAs |
| You have just positioned a cat for a lateral projection of the abdomen and will collimate borders | Cranially from about 1inch cranial to the xiphoid and caudally to the greater trochanter |
| The field of view for forelimb joints should include | One third of the bones proximal and distal to the joint |
| You have positioned a patient for a lateral view of the carpus borders for this image should include | Proximal third of the metacarpus to distal third of the radius and ulna |
| Which of the following steps is particularly important for accomplishing a true CrCd view of the radius | Palpate to confirm that the olecranon is positioned midway between the humeral epicondyles |
| The best view to ensure a clear view of joint laxity in a patient with moderate hip dysplasia is the | PenHIP distraction view |
| For a radiograph to be eligible for OFA registration, it must include | Hospital or veterinarians name the date and the registered patient name or number |
| You are about to take a ventrodorsal hip-extended view for a small dog you will place the patient in dorsal recumbency measure the thickest part of the pelvis and | Direct the central ray midline at the caudal portion of the ischium |
| The border for a lateral (mediolateral) view of the phalanges is the | Tarsus proximally to the distal phalanges |
| The vertebral formula for a dog and cat is | C7T13L7S3Cd6-20 |
| Where will you measure and direct the central ray for a lateral view of the cervical vertebrae in a cat or small dog | Measure and direct central ray at the C3-C4 intervertebral space |
| The can cause dense shadows on a radiographic image of a small-animals skull that can interfere with a proper diagnosis and should be removed from the field of view or repositioned when possible | Endotracheal tube, tongue, and pinnae |
| You wish to position for a lateral canine skull. When viewing the skull in a rostrocaudal direction, an imaginary line drawn through the should be perpendicular to the tabletop | Medial canthi of the eyes |
| The veterinarian needs a dorsoventral view of the teeth and nares of a Labrador Retriever named Hocus. The borders for this image should be | From the tip of the nose to the lateral canthi |
| Which is not true of negative-contrast media | These substances absorb fewer x-rays than soft tissue and appear white or radiolucent on the radiograph |
| Barium | Can both demonstrate anatomy by outlining or filling a cavity as well as physiology of an organ |
| Special studies of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract should not be completed when | The patient has a fluid-filled distended esophagus or stomach or ileus due to torsion |
| You are preparing to evaluate a small dogs intestinal transit time using barium-impregnated polyethylene sphere (BIPS) capsules which of the following will you keep in mind for this procedure | If the veterinarian is concerned about a possible partiel obstruction you should calculate the large BIPS |
| During routine excretory urography for jamaica a medium sized dog | Opacification of the nephrons occurs immediately so you can differentiate the cortex from the medulla |
| In general survey images | Are essential prior to giving contrast media to ensure that the procedure is still necessary, are used to help the radiographer choose the appropriate radiation techniques, and are often not able to help distinguish or differentiate specific organs or sof |
| The abdominal image of a cat's small intestine reveals a structure that resembles a string of pearls. This is due to | The muscular (peristaltic) activity of the duodenum |
| In performing equine radiography | SID is generally less than for smaller animals, and most radiographs are taken to evaluate the bones of a skeleton |
| Which surfaces are highlighted in a DLPMO view of the equine forelimb | The dorsomedial and palmarolateral surfaces of the limb |
| A horse is suspected to have chronic degenerative changes in the distal sesamoid. Which view are you most likely to choose to evaluate the changes in the shape of the bone | Lateral view of the navicular bone |
| In evaluating an image of a joint the veterinarian observes a small hairline fracture in the upper condyle which is | The rounded projection on the bone that is meant to articulate with another bone |
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Scoots223