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Psych2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is asexual? | A sexual orientation where a person experiences little or no sexual attraction to others. |
| What does androgynous mean? | Having both masculine and feminine characteristics. |
| What are biological approaches to sexuality and gender? | Theories that explain gender and sexual behavior using biology such as hormones, genetics, and brain structure. |
| What does bisexual mean? | A sexual orientation where a person is attracted to more than one gender. |
| Cisgender Identification | When a person's gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth. |
| Common Sexual Variations | Differences in sexual interests, preferences, and behaviors that occur naturally among people. |
| What does efficacy of sex education approaches mean? | How effective different sex education programs are at teaching students about sexuality and health. |
| What is evolutionary psychology? | A theory that explains behaviors as adaptations that helped humans survive and reproduce. |
| What is a fetish? | A strong sexual interest in a specific object, body part, or situation. |
| What is gender? | The social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male, female, or other identities. |
| What is gender-affirming surgery? | Medical procedures that help align a person’s body with their gender identity. |
| What is the gender binary? | The idea that there are only two genders: male and female. |
| What are gender differences in aggression? | Research suggests males often show more physical aggression, while females may show more relational aggression. |
| What are gender differences in cognitive ability? | Small average differences between genders in certain skills like spatial ability or verbal skills. |
| What are gender differences in emotion? | Studies often find females express emotions more openly than males. |
| What are gender differences in empathy and helping? | Females tend to report higher empathy and are often more likely to help others emotionally. |
| What are gender differences in sexuality? | Differences in sexual attitudes, desires, and behaviors often influenced by biology and culture. |
| What is gender dysphoria? | Distress caused when a person’s gender identity does not match their assigned sex. |
| What is gender identity? | A person’s internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or another gender. |
| What are gender roles? | Social expectations about how people should behave based on their gender. |
| What are gender stereotypes? | Oversimplified beliefs about how men and women are supposed to act. |
| Oversimplified beliefs about how men and women are supposed to act. | Judging people based on gender stereotypes rather than individual traits. |
| What are gonads? | Reproductive organs that produce sex cells and hormones (testes and ovaries). |
| What is heteroflexibility? | Mostly heterosexual but occasionally attracted to the same gender. |
| What is heterosexual? | A sexual orientation where a person is attracted to the opposite gender. |
| What is homonegativity? | Negative attitudes or prejudice toward gay or lesbian people. |
| What is homopositivity? | Positive attitudes and acceptance toward LGBTQ+ people. |
| What is human sexuality? | How people experience and express themselves as sexual beings. |
| What are human sexual response patterns? | he stages the body goes through during sexual activity (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution). |
| What is the impact of sexual behavior on well-being? | Healthy sexual relationships can improve emotional and physical well-being. |
| What are intersex conditions? | When a person is born with biological traits that don’t fit typical male or female categories. |
| What is internalized homonegativity? | When LGBTQ+ individuals absorb negative beliefs about their own sexuality. |
| What are key theories of gender development? | Biological, social learning, and cognitive theories explaining how gender identity develops. |
| What are male and female chromosomes? | Females usually have XX chromosomes and males usually have XY chromosomes. |
| What are the origins of sexual orientation? | A combination of biological, genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. |
| What is pansexual? | Attraction to people regardless of gender. |
| What are paraphilic disorders? | A mental disorder involving sexual attraction to children. |
| What is the role of sex education in schools? | Teaching students about sexual health, relationships, consent, and reproduction. |
| What are secondary sex characteristics? | Physical changes during puberty like breast development, facial hair, and voice changes. |
| What are sex chromosomes? | Chromosomes that determine biological sex (X and Y). |
| What is sex education? | Education about human sexuality, health, relationships, and reproduction. |
| What is sexual cognition and sexual behavior? | How thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes influence sexual actions. |
| What is sexual orientation? | A person’s pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to others (for example: heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual). |
| What are sexual practices? | The different behaviors or activities people engage in related to sexuality. |
| What is sexual selection? | An evolutionary process where traits become more common because they help individuals attract mates or compete for partners. |
| What are social cognitive approaches to gender development? | The idea that gender behavior is learned through observation, imitation, and thinking about social expectations. |
| What is social role theory? | A theory suggesting gender differences develop because society assigns different roles and expectations to men and women. |
| What does transgender mean? | When a person’s gender identity is different from the sex they were assigned at birth. |
| What is transnegativity? | Negative attitudes, prejudice, or discrimination toward transgender people. |
| What are the main types of sex education and their efficacy? | Abstinence-only education: focuses on avoiding sexual activity; often less effective at preventing teen pregnancy and STIs. |
| What are the main types of sex education and their efficacy? | Comprehensive sex education: teaches about contraception, consent, relationships, and health; generally shown to be more effective. |
| Who is Albert Bandura? | A psychologist known for social learning theory and the concept of self-efficacy. |
| What is the behavioral approach to personality? | A theory that personality is shaped by learning through conditioning and environmental influences. |
| What are biological perspectives on personality? | The idea that genetics, brain structure, and biology influence personality traits. |
| Who was Carl Jung? | A psychologist who expanded psychoanalytic theory and introduced the collective unconscious and archetypes. |
| What is the cognitive approach to personality? | A perspective that focuses on how thoughts, perceptions, and mental processes shape personality. |
| What is the collective unconscious? | A shared unconscious mind containing universal memories and archetypes inherited by all humans. |
| What are conditions of worth? | Expectations that people must meet to receive love or approval from others. |
| What is the conscious mind? | The part of the mind we are aware of at any given moment. |
| What are criticisms of Freud’s theory? | It lacks scientific evidence, overemphasizes sexuality, and is difficult to test scientifically. |
| What are criticisms of the humanistic approach? | It is considered too optimistic and difficult to measure scientifically. |
| What are criticisms of trait theories? | They describe personality but do not always explain how it develops. |
| What is the cultural perspective on personality? | The view that culture shapes personality, values, and behavior. |
| What are defense mechanisms? | Unconscious strategies used by the ego to reduce anxiety |
| What is the ego? | The rational part of personality that balances the id, superego, and reality. |
| What is the Electra complex? | A concept where a girl develops unconscious attraction to her father during development. |
| What are the Big Five personality traits? | Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. |
| Who was Freud? | The founder of psychoanalysis who proposed the id, ego, superego, and unconscious mind. |
| What are Freud’s psychosexual stages? | Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages of development. |
| What is the HEXACO model? | A personality model with six traits: Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness. |
| What is the humanistic approach? | A perspective focusing on personal growth, free will, and self-actualization. |
| What is the id? | The unconscious part of personality driven by instinct and pleasure. |
| What is locus of control? | A belief about whether life outcomes are controlled internally or by external forces. |
| Who was Abraham Maslow? | A humanistic psychologist known for the hierarchy of needs |
| What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? | A theory that human motivation progresses from basic needs to self-actualization. |
| What is the MMPI? | A psychological test used to assess personality traits and mental health conditions. |
| What is the Oedipus complex? | A theory that boys feel unconscious attraction to their mother and rivalry with their father. |
| What is the phenomenological perspective? | A focus on a person’s subjective experiences and perceptions of reality. |
| What is the psychodynamic approach? | A theory emphasizing unconscious processes and early childhood experiences. |
| What is psychoanalytic theory? | Freud’s theory that personality is shaped by unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences. |
| Who was Carl Rogers? | A humanistic psychologist who emphasized self-concept and unconditional positive regard. |
| What is self-actualization? | The process of reaching one’s full potential. |
| What is self-efficacy? | A person’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific tasks. |
| What is the social cognitive perspective? | A theory that personality develops through interaction between personal thoughts, behavior, and environment. |
| What are examples of defense mechanisms? | Repression, denial, projection, displacement, regression, and rationalization. |
| What is the superego? | The part of personality that represents moral standards and ideals. |
| What is the trait approach? | A theory that personality is made up of stable characteristics called traits. |
| What is unconditional positive regard? | Accepting and supporting someone without judgment. |
| What is the unconscious mind? | Thoughts, memories, and desires outside of conscious awareness that influence behavior. |
| What is altruism? | Helping others without expecting anything in return. |
| What is attribution theory? | A theory explaining how people interpret the causes of behavior. |
| What are attributions? | Explanations people give for why behaviors or events happen. |
| What are attitudes? | Learned beliefs or feelings toward people, objects, or ideas. |
| What is the bystander effect? | People are less likely to help when others are present. |
| What is cognitive dissonance? | Mental discomfort caused by holding conflicting beliefs or behaviors. |
| What is collectivism? | A cultural value emphasizing group goals over individual goals. |
| What is conformity? | Changing behavior or beliefs to match those of a group. |
| What is cultural bias? | Judging others using the standards of one’s own culture. |
| What is deindividuation? | Losing self-awareness and individual responsibility in a group. |
| What is egoism? | Helping others mainly to benefit oneself. |
| What is discrimination? | Unfair treatment of people based on their group membership. |
| What is ethnocentrism? | Believing one’s own culture is superior to others. |
| What is the false consensus effect? | Overestimating how much others share our beliefs or behaviors. |
| What is the fundamental attribution error? | The tendency to overestimate personality factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others’ behavior. |
| What is group polarization? | When group discussions make opinions more extreme. |
| What is groupthink? | When the desire for harmony leads to poor decision-making in groups. |
| What is helping behavior? | Any action intended to benefit another person. |
| What is in-group favoritism? | Preferring and giving advantages to members of one’s own group. |
| What is informational social influence? | Conforming because we believe others know the correct answer. |
| What is the mere exposure effect? | The tendency to develop liking for things simply because we are familiar with them. |
| What is normative social influence? | Conforming to be liked or accepted by others. |
| What is obedience? | Following orders from someone in authority. |
| What are persuasion strategies? | Techniques used to influence attitudes or behaviors (e.g., logical arguments, emotional appeals). |
| What are positive illusions? | Unrealistically positive beliefs about oneself or one’s future. |
| What is prejudice? | Negative attitudes or feelings toward a group of people. |
| What is risky shift? | Groups sometimes make riskier decisions than individuals. |
| What is self-objectification? | Viewing oneself mainly as an object judged by physical appearance. |
| What is self-perception theory? | People understand their attitudes by observing their own behavior. |
| What is self-serving bias? | Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors. |
| What is a self-fulfilling prophecy? | Expectations about a person that influence behavior so the expectation becomes true. |
| What is social cognition? | Expectations about a person that influence behavior so the expectation becomes true. |
| What is social comparison? | Evaluating oneself by comparing to others. |
| What is social contagion? | The spread of behaviors or emotions through groups. |
| What is social exchange theory? | The idea that relationships involve weighing costs and benefits. |
| What is social facilitation? | Performing better on simple tasks when others are present. |
| What is social identity? | A person’s sense of self based on group membership. |
| What is social loafing? | Putting in less effort when working in a group than when working alone. |
| Social psychology | How people influence each other Sociology: How groups and societies function. |
| Personality psychology | Individual personality differences. |
| Sociology | How groups and societies function. |
| What are stereotypes? | Oversimplified beliefs about a group of people. |
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