Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Research Methods
Research Methods in Psychology Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| survey/poll | A method of posing questions to people on the telephone, in personal interviews, on written questionnaires, or via the Internet |
| open-ended question | A survey question format that allows respondents to answer any way they like. |
| forced-choice question | A survey question format in which respondents give their opinion by picking the best of two or more options. |
| Likert Scale | A survey question format using a rating scale containing multiple response options anchored by the specific terms strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. |
| Semantic differential format | A survey question format using a response scale whose numbers are anchored with contrasting adjectives |
| Leading Question | A type of question in a survey or poll that is problematic because its wording encourages one response more than others, thereby weakening its construct validity. |
| double-barred question | type of question in a survey or poll that is problematic because it asks two questions in one, thereby weakening its construct validity. |
| negatively worded question | A question in a survey or poll that contains negatively phrased statements, making its wording complicated or confusing and potentially weakening its construct validity |
| response set/nondifferentiation | A shortcut respondents may use to answer items in a long survey, rather than responding to the content of each item. |
| acquiescence | Answering “yes” or “strongly agree” to every item in a survey or interview. |
| fence sitting | Playing it safe by answering in the middle of the scale for every question in a survey or interview. |
| socially desirable responding/ faking good | Giving answers on a survey (or other self-report measure) that make one look better than one really is. |
| faking bad | Giving answers on a survey (or other self-report measure) that make one look worse than one really is. |
| observational research | The process of watching people or animals and systematically recording how they behave or what they are doing |
| observer bias | A bias that occurs when observer expectations influence the interpretation of participant behaviors or the outcome of the study |
| observer effect | A change in behavior of study participants in the direction of observer expectations |
| masked design | A study design in which the observers are unaware of the experimental conditions to which participants have been assigned. |
| Reactivity | A change in behavior of study participants (such as acting less spontaneously) because they are aware they are being watched. |
| unobtrusive observation | An observation in a study made indirectly, through physical traces of behavior, or made by someone who is hidden or is posing as a bystander |
| population | A larger group from which a sample is drawn; the group to which a study’s conclusions are intended to be applied. Also called population of interest. |
| sample | The group of people, animals, or cases used in a study; a subset of the population of inter |
| census | A set of observations that contains all members of the population of interest. |
| biased sample | A sample in which some members of the population of interest are systematically left out, and therefore the results cannot generalize to the population of interest. Also called unrepresentative sample. |
| unbiased sample | A sample in which all members of the population of interest are equally likely to be included (usually through some random method), and therefore the results can generalize to the population of interest. |
| connivence sampling | Choosing a sample based on those who are easiest to access and readily available; a biased sampling technique. |
| self section | A form of sampling bias that occurs when a sample contains only people who volunteer to participate. |
| probability sampling / random sampling | A category name for random sampling techniques in which a sample is drawn from a population of interest so each member has an equal and known chance of being included in the sample |
| non probability sampling | A category name for nonrandom sampling techniques, such as convenience, purposive, and quota sampling, that result in a biased sample. |
| stratified random sampling | A form of probability sampling; a random sampling technique in which the researcher identifies particular demographic categories, or strata, and then randomly selects individuals within each category |
| random assignment | The use of a random method (e.g., flipping a coin) to assign participants into different experimental groups. |
| bivariate correlation | An association that involves exactly two variables. Also called bivariate association |
| effect size | The magnitude, or strength, of a relationship between two or more variables. |
| statistically significant | In NHST, the conclusion assigned when when p < .05; that is, when it is unlikely the result came from the null-hypothesis population. |
| restriction of range | In a bivariate correlation, the absence of a full range of possible scores on one of the variables, so the relationship from the sample underestimates the true correlation. |
| curvilinear association | An association between two variables which is not a straight line; instead, as one variable increases, the level of the other variable increases and then decreases (or vice versa). |
| directionality problem | n a correlational study, the occurrence of both variables being measured around the same time, making it unclear which variable in the association came first. See also temporal precedence. |
| third-variable problem | In a correlational study, the existence of a plausible alternative explanation for the association between two variables. See also internal validity. |
| Spurious association | A bivariate association that is attributable only to systematic mean differences on subgroups within the sample; the original association is not present within the subgroups. |
| Moderator | A variable that, depending on its level, changes the relationship between two other variables. |
| Outlier | A score that stands out as either much higher or much lower than most of the other scores in a sample. |
| multivariate design | A study designed to test an association involving more than wo measure variables |
| longitudinal design | A study in which the same variables are measured in the same people at different points in time |
| cross-sectional correlation | In a longitudinal deasign, a correlation between two variables that are measured at the same time |
| autocorrelation | In a longitudinal design, the correlation of one variabled with itself at two different points at the time |
| cross lag correlation | In longitudinal design, a correlation between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of another variable |
| multiple regression | A statistical technique that computes the relationship between a predictor variable and criterion variable, controlling for predictor variables |
| control for | holding a potential third variable at a constant level |
| criterion variable | dependent variable |
| predictor variable | independent variable |
Created by:
user-2029893