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Reproductive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| General function of the reproductive system | 1 production of offspring 2 sexual reproduction: genetic material is combined and passed down 3. Produce and secrete hormones involved in development and maintenance |
| Testes | external organs. Gonads, egg shaped structure enclosed by fibrous capsule spermatogenesis and male hormone testosterone |
| Epididymis | almond shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testes. Mostly a tight coiled tube about 20 ft long. Site of sperm maturation. Sperm receives fluid rich in glucose |
| Vas deferens | long duct (18 in) which connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. Posterior to urinary bladder. Serves as a passageway for sperm from epididymis to the urethra |
| Ejaculatory duct | Posterior to the urinary bladder and is formed by union of the duct from seminal vesicle and ductus deferens. Ejects sperm into prostate urethra just prior to ejaculation. |
| Prostate gland | Donut shaped gland about the size of a chestnut located inferior to the urinary bladder surrounds the urethra. Secretes a fluid rich in citric acid. |
| Seminal vesicles | produce an alkaline fluid rich in fructose to help nourish sperm and neutralize acid in sperm waste. Forms 60% of sperm |
| Urethra | Located at the base of the bladder: through the penis and ends of urethral meatus. Measures 8 inches. Passageway for urine and spermatozoa to the external environment. |
| Bulbourethral Gland (Cowperman’s gland) | Pea sized gland located inferiorly to the prostate gland on either side of the urethra. Secrete alkaline substance to neutralize the acidic environment of the urethra. Helps provide lubrication for sexual intercourse. |
| Penis | cylindrical organ which surrounds the urethra. Consists of body, root and glans penis. Conducts urine to exterior and is the portion of male anatomy used to introduce sperm into the vagina |
| Scrotum | Cutaneous sac consisting of loose skin, skeletal muscle and superficial fascia. Encloses and protects the testes. Maintains a temp 2 to 3 degrees below normal body temp |
| Function of testosterone in males: | Growth and development, Maintenance of male sex organs, Stimulates bone growth, Stimulates protein anabolism, closure of epiphyseal plate,Influence sexual behavior, Supports final maturation of sperm, development and secondary male sex characteristics |
| Ovaries | Female gonads the size and shape of an almond located within the pelvic cavity. Outer cortex and inner medulla. Produce eggs and hormones (estrogen and progesterone) |
| Uterine Tubes | Measures above 5 inches in lengths. Has 4 different parts; isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum, and fimbrae.Help to transport ova from ovaries to the uterus. Site of egg fertilization. |
| Uterus | Inverted, pear shaped, muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity . Divided into three sections; fundus, body, cervix. Serves as a sight of gestation/pregnancy. Layer of endometrium is shed monthly. |
| Vagina | tubular, fibromuscular organ lined with mucous membrane. Several functional features: fernix, rugae, vaginal orifice, hymen. Passageway for spermatozoa and menstrual flow. Lower portion of the birth canal. |
| Vulva | external genitalia of the female. Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris and vestibule. |
| Labia majora | area of lateral, longitudinal folds extending inferiorly and posteriorly. Contains abundance of adipose tissue, sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands covered by pubic hair. Homologous to male scrotum |
| Clitoris | Small, cylindrical mass of nervous and erectile tissue |
| Labia Minora | Medial longitudinal folds of the vulva, no adipose tissue or pubic hair. Numerous sebaceous glands |
| Mons pubis | Elevation of adipose covered by skin and course pubic hair. |
| Vestibule | Cleft between labia minora. Bulb of vestibule; two elongated masses of erectile tissue located on the side of vaginal orifice. Greater vestibule glands-gland on sides of vaginal orifice that produce mucoid secretion that lubricates during intercourse |
| Mammary Glands | Modified sudoriferous glands. Consists of 15 to 20 lobes of adipose tissue. The lobe is broken down into smaller components (lobules) which contain milk secreting cells called alveolar glands, areola is where milk comes out. |
| Perineum | Thin layer of skin between the genitals and anus |
| Fimbriae | finger like projections at the end of the infundibulum to bring the ova into uterine tubes |
| Infundibulum | funnel shaped, open, distal end of the uterine tube near the ovaries. Contains fimbriae |
| Ampulla | 2nd portion that leads into infundibulum. Fertilization most often takes place. Helps transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. |
| Function of the uterus | site of gestation or pregnancy. A layer of endometrium is shed monthly |
| Cervix | narrow, thick muscular area that opens the vagina.. Common site of cancer in women |
| Fundus | superior bone shaped area of the uterus. Above the openings to the uterine tubes |
| Perimetrium | outermost layer of the uterus which provides a small amount of protection to the uterus. Part of the visceral peritoneum |
| Myometrium | Middle, smooth muscle layer of the uterus. Makes up the majority of the uterus |
| Endometrium | innermost layer of the uterus |
| Stratum functionalis | Layer of endometrium lining the uterine cavity which is shed during menstruation |
| Stratum basalis | Permanent, basement layer of the endometrium which functions to generate a new layer of the stratum functionalis following menstruation. |
| Ovarian cycle | Monthly period of events associated with maturation and ovulation of an egg. Repeats every 28 days. Occurs at the same time as the uterine (menstrual) cycle |
| Menstrual cycle | Occurs so that the uterus is ready for a fertilized egg. Repeats every 28 days and lines up with ovarian cycle |
| Menopause | Ovarian cycle halts as ovulation becomes erratic and eventually stops. While the menstrual cycle becomes irregular-shorter, longer, heavier or lighter- before stopping entirely |
| Estrogen | growth of endometrium, help control fluid and electrolyte balance, maintain blood calcium levels and bone density, increase protein metabolism, body fat distribution (butt and thighs) |
| Progesterone: | Works in conjunction with estrogen to prepare the endometrial lining for implantation of fertilized ovum, stimulates milk secretion, and maintain uterine lining during pregnancy |
| Relaxin | produced by corpus luteum during pregnancy, most prominent during 3rd trimester, relaxes the pubic symphysis, helps dilate the uterine cervix to facilitate delivery of the fetus |
| Fertilization | Union of the sperm cell with an oocyte. It occurs in the uterine tubes |
| Zygote | Result of union between sperm cell and oocyte. Contains 46 chromosones |
| Implantation | trophoblast contacts the endometrium about 6-7 days after fertilization and implants itself into the endometrium. As implantation proceeds, blastocysts differentiate into endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm germ layers which form the body systems |
| Embryo | embryonic period from implantation to 8 weeks. Formation of all major organ systems. By the end of this time, the heart is pumping and brain waves are present. |
| Fetus | begins 8 weeks after fertilization. Ossification of bones. Marked by rapid growth of organs and tissues by mitosis. Covered by soft white hairs called lanugo and a waxy coat of epithelial cells that protect the fetus from waste products maniotic fluid |
| Dilation and effacement | contractions of the myometrium. Increase in frequency and strength pushing the fetus against the cervix. Water bay (amnion) around fetus ruptures, cervix dilates. Positive feedback promotes more contractions. Cervix thins and opens to dilate. |
| Delivery and birth | fetus is pushed through the birth canal to outside |
| Placental expulsion | Contractions push the placenta out of the uterus. Uterus contracts to prevent bleeding |
| Breast cancer | Carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites |
| Testicular cancer | cancer of the testicle, usually occurring in men 15 to 35 years of age |
| Cervical cancer | Malignant cell growth in the cervix; can be caused by HPV |
| Ovarian cancer | Cancerous tumor formed within the ovary |
| Prostate cancer | involves cancerous growth on the lining of the uterus |
| Uterine Cancer | Involves cancerous growth on the lining of the uterus |
| Endometriosis | Growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus |
| Impotence | inability to achieve an erection |
| Infertility | The condition of being unable to reproduce |
| PCOS | A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges |
| Gonorrhea | Sexually transmitted bacterial infection with burning pain when urinating accompanied by thin artery green or yellow discharge and requires a shot of medicine |
| Syphilis | A bacterial STI that can damage the heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, joints, and skin |
| Genital Herpes | Sexually transmitted disease caused by herpes stimulus type II virus that can cause genital herpes, cold sores and fever blisters |
| Chlamydia | A bacterial infection that causes itching, white and yellow foul smelling discharge. Oral medication to treat |
| Trichomoniasis | STD caused by a parasitic protozoan, the organism causes infection in the urethra, vagina and bladder and is curable with antibiotics |
| Genital Warts | cauliflower like growth in the genital area caused by HPV, commonly transmitted through skin to skin sexual contact |
| HPV | Viral STI that can cause genital warts and is preventable with a vaccine |
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