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BIO - Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phylogeny | Evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organism |
| Systematics | Field that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships (fossils, body structures, DNA) |
| Genealogy | Study of ancestral relationships and lineages |
| Lineage | A continuous line of descent; a series of organisms or genes connected by ancestor/ descendent relationships |
| Phylogenetic tree | Diagram used to reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms |
| Tree root | the common ancestor of the sequences |
| Outgroup | a taxon known to be distantly related from all other sequences used to generate the tree |
| Clade | a group which includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor |
| Chronogram | a dated phylogenetic tree whose branch lengths have been scaled to represent time |
| Polytomy | Branch point that has three or more different species coming off of it |
| Derived traits | traits that arise during the evolution of a group and differ from the traits of the ancestor of the group |
| Ancestral traits | traits that are inherited from a common ancestor and have remained relatively unchanged over time |
| What is a species | Group of individual organisms that interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring |
| Hybrid species | Offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species or genera through sexual reproduction |
| Speciation | Formation of two species from one original species |
| Allopatric speciation | Geographic separation of populations from a parent species and subsequent evolution |
| Peripatric speciation | A new species is formed from a small, isolated population at the edge of a species' range |
| Parapatric speciation | Occurs when a smaller population is usually at the border of a larger group, and becomes differentiated to the point of becoming a new species |
| Adaptive Radiation | the rapid, divergent evolution of multiple species from a single common ancestor, driven by the need to adapt to new ecological niches or opportunities |
| Sympatric speciation | Process by which new species evolve in the same geographic region from a common ancestor species |
| Polyploidy | Condition where an organism's cells have more than two complete sets of chromosomes |
| Autopolyploidy | occurs when organisms have more than two sets of chromosomes from the same parental species |
| allopolyploidy | process where two species hybridize and their chromosomes double |
| Reproductive Isolation | evolutionary mechanisms that prevent different species from reproducing successfully with each other |
| Prezygotic barrier | Temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, gametic barrier |
| Postzygotic barrier | hybrid inviability |
| Temporal isolation | Mechanism that prevents species from mating because they breed at different times |
| Habitat isolation | When two species prefer different habitats, making it unlikely that they will encounter each other and reproduce |
| Behavioral isolation | When organisms of different species have different behaviors that prevent them from mating |
| Gametic barrier | Gametes (egg and sperm) or pollen and stigma from different species are unable to attract each other, preventing fertilization |
| Hybrid inviability | Hybrid organisms cannot form normally in the womb and do not survive past the embryonic stages |
| Hybrid sterility | Offspring of hybrids have reduced viability or fertility |
| Habitat influence on speciation | Different species of cichlids within the same lake have evolved distinct feeding behaviors and coloration based on the specific food sources available in different parts of the lake |
| hybrid zone | Area where two closely related species continue to interact and reproduce after speciation |
| Reinforcement | hybrids are less fit than the parents and the species continue to diverge until they can no longer mate and produce viable offspring |
| Fusion | reproductive barriers weaken and the two species become one |
| Stability | Fit hybrids continue to be produced |
| Gradual speciation model | species diverge gradually over time in small steps |
| Punctuated equilibrium model | new species undergoes changes quickly from the parent species, and then remains largely unchanged for a long time |
| Ecology | Study of the interactions of living organisms with their environment |
| Why is ecology important? | Helps to understand how humans are affecting the environment |
| Conservation biologist | a scientist dedicated to protecting biodiversity |
| Ecological study levels | Organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere |
| Organismal ecology | Researchers interested in adaptations that enable individuals to live in specific habitats |
| Adaptations can be.. | morphological, physiological, and behavioral |
| Population ecology | Focuses on the number of individuals in an area and how and why population size changes over time |
| Community ecology | Examines how populations of organisms interact and respond to each other in a specified area |
| Mutualism | Coevolved relationship between two species in which each species benefits |
| Ecosystem ecology | Composed of all the biotic components (living things) in an area and abiotic components (nonliving things) of that area |
| The biosphere | Distinct ecosystems are linked together by exchanges of wind and water and by movement of organisms |
| Governing principles of ecology | Matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change form |
| Wetland Ecologist | studies the complex interactions between plants, animals, microbes, and water in marshes, swamps, and bogs to protect and restore these ecosystems |
| Population | Consists of all of the individuals of a particular species that occur in a particular area and have the potential to interact with one another |
| What can affect a population? | Seasonal and yearly changes in the environment, natural disasters, competition for resources |
| Demography | Statistical study of population dynamics |
| Population size (N) | total number of individuals |
| Population density | number of individuals within a specific area or volume |
| Quadrat (Inbobile) | a way of marking off square areas within a habitat, either by staking out an area with sticks and string, or by the use of a wood, plastic, or metal square placed on the ground |
| mark and recapture | mark a sample of captured animals (such as tags, bands, paint), and release them back into the environment to mix with the population |
| White-nose syndrome | fungal disease that affects bats in North America |
| Intraspecific competition | Competition between population members of the same species for resources |
| Logistic growth K | Carrying capacity |
| Exponential growth | Population’s growth rate increases over time |
| Population growth rate | Change in number of individuals in a population over time |
| Population dynamics | How populations change in size and composition over time |
| Fecundity | Potential reproductive capacity of an individual |
| Energy budget | Species balance energy intake with use of energy for metabolism, reproduction, parental care, and energy storage |
| Age structure graphs | Proportion of a population at different age ranges |
| Type I survivorship curve | death primarily occurs in the older years - humans |
| Type II survivorship curve | death at any age - birds |
| Type III survivorship curve | very few survive the younger years - fish |
| Species distribution | Uniform, random, clumped |
| What is systematics? | Field that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships |
| What is a clade? | Group which includes a common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor |
| What can a branch lengths on a phylogenetic tree represent? | Genetic changes or time |
| Do phylogenetic trees show phenotypic similarity? | No |
| What is speciation | Formation of two species from one original species |
| Peripatric speciation | small isolated colony |
| Sympatric speciation | speciation within the same location |
| Adaptive radiation | when a single ancestral species rapidly diversifies into many new species |
| Temporal isolation | closely related species are prevented from interbreeding because they reproduce at different times |
| What is ecology? | Study of the interactions of living organisms with their enviroment |
| Community ecology | the scientific study of how groups of different species (communities) interact |
| What are five ecological study levels? | Organismal, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere |
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? | Matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred |
| Population ecology | the study of how and why the size, density, and structure of species populations change over time within specific environments |
| What can affect population? | seasonal changes, natural disasters, competition for resources |
| How is population characterized? | Population size and density |
| What is mark and recapture? | Mark a sample of captured animals, and release them back into the environment to mix with population |
| Which of the following has reproductive strategy with high fecundity? elephant or oak tree? | Oak tree |
| What is carrying capacity? K | Max population size a particular environment can supports |
| What is life history | Pattern of survival and reproduction events typical for a member of the species |
| Two examples of density-dependent regulation | Intraspecific competition, predation, disease and parasites, waste accumulation |
| Interspecific competition | Individuals of different species vie for the same limited resources (e.g., food, water, space, light) |
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