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CR & Amenments 11-27
APAG
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 11th | Prohibits citizens of one state or foreign country from suing another state. |
| 12th | Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before, all ran, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president. |
| 13th | Abolished slavery |
| 14th | Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws and due process of the laws. |
| 15th | States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race. However, this was undermined by literacy tests and poll taxes. |
| 16th | Allows the federal government to collect income tax. |
| 17th | Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures). |
| 18th | Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages. |
| 19th | Gave women the right to vote. |
| 20th | Moved the presidential inauguration from March to January 20th, Referred to as the “Lame Duck Amendment.” |
| 21st | Repeal of prohibition. |
| 22nd | Limits the president to two terms or 10 years. |
| 23rd | Gives Washington DC THREE electoral college votes as if it were a state (DC still has no representation in Congress). |
| 24th | Abolishes poll taxes. |
| 25th | (1) Succession of VP if the president dies or becomes incapable.(2) if there is no VP, president must appoint one; congress must approve. Establishes procedure of Presidential inability to perform the duties of the office due to health or other issues. |
| 26th | Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. Caused by the Vietnam draft. of 18, 19 and 20 year olds. |
| 27th | Limits the power of Congress to increase its own salaries |
| Affirmative Action | A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination. |
| Civil Rights Act (1964) | Banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to speed school desegregation |
| De Facto Segregation | Racial segregation that occurs in institutions of society such as schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement |
| De Jure Segregation | Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies. |
| Equal Rights Amendment | Statined that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, it failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures. |
| Intermediate Scrutiny Test | The middle level of scrutiny used when determining if unequal treatment is justified by law or policy; standard used for gender discrimination or sexual orientation cases. Upheld if the discrimination is substantially related to a government objective. |
| Rational Scrutiny Test | When the government treats some classes of people differently from others, the different treatment must be reasonable and not arbitrary. Age discrimination |
| Strict Scrutiny | A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and advances a legitimate purpose of government. Applies to "suspect" or "protected" classes such as Race and national origin. |
| Title IX | "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." |
| Voting Rights Act (1965) | Invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; lead to more blacks becoming politically active and elected black representatives. |
| Protected Class (Suspect Classification) | Persons protected by specific laws because of race, color, and ethnicity (national origin). Have been "suspect" to government discrimination in the past. Laws that discriminate against protected class triggers more scrutiny from the Supreme Court. |
| Litigation | The process of taking legal action |
| "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," 1963 | Written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed that more Christians didn't speak out against racism. Advocated nonviolence protest methods |
| Civil Rights | Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals |
Created by:
ava.mayne