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A&P Lecture 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Feedback loops of the heart | baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are specialized sensory neurons. Sensors in heart and vessels detect changes and relay the information to the CNS |
| 1. Feedback loops of the heart Baroreceptors in aorta and carotid artery detect a change in | blood pressure |
| 2. Feedback loops of the heart Sensory neurons transmit this information to the | CNS |
| 3. Feedback loops of the heart Cardioregulatory center in the medulla oblongata serve as | control center |
| 4. Feedback loops of the heart Parasympathetic and sympathetic that nerve fibers innervate the heart | Change heart rate at the SA node Change strength of cardiac contraction |
| Sympathetic stimulation of adrenal medulla to release ___ and ____ release to further alter | epi norepi heart contractions |
| Baroreceptors detect | changes in pressure |
| Introduction to the circulatory systems (short summary) | blood vessels carry the blood to the tissue of the body, allowing for the exchange of substances such as O2, CO2, nutrients, and waste products |
| The heart is the pump that blood vessels are | 1. provides the major force causing blood to circulate 2. the tubes that carry blood to the body and back to the heart |
| blood vessels are | hollow tubes that conduct blood through the tissues of the body |
| Arteries | large vessels carrying blood away from the heart |
| Capillaries | smallest vessels and site of nutrient exchange |
| Veins | large vessels carrying blood towards heart |
| Blood vessels consist of ______ district tissue layers or tunics | 3 |
| 3 layers of the blood vessels | 1 Tunica intima/interna 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica externa |
| Tunica intima/interna | multiple layers of cells and CT that gives the vessel elastic properties (ability to return to original shape after stretch or distortion |
| Tunica media | middle layer consisting of smooth muscle that can regulate blood flow by contraction (vasoconstriction) or relaxation (vasodilation) |
| Tunica externa | is composed of CT. supports and protects vessel |
| Relative thickness of each tunic varies across | the type of blood vessels |
| Where is blood pressure highest in? | Highest in aorta and large systemic arteries Aorta is abundant in elastic tissue to tolerate high pressure Drops in the vessels as blood travels further away from the L ventricle Lowest in veins since vessels are farthest away from L ventricle |
| blood flows through vessels of the body at different | velocities |
| The velocity of blood flow changes relative to | the cross sectional areas of each blood vessel type |
| Vessels like capillaries have a | smaller cross sectional-area than large vessels such as the aorta HOWEVER small vessels greatly outnumber larger ones. When the total CSA of all capillaries is combined, capillary CSA is much greater than that of the larger aorta |
| Capillaries | the smallest vessels and most common blood vessel with the slowest rate of blood flow |
| Capillary walls are the______ of blood vessels | thinnest This is the site that most of the exchange that occurs between blood and tissue |
| Capillaries vary in their permeability and can be classified as: | 1. Continuous 2. Fenestrated 3. Sinusoidal |
| Continuous | no gaps between endothelial cells and less permeable to large molecule found in nervous and muscle tissues |
| Fenestrated | contain many fenestrae (windows) to increase permeability Found in small intestine and kidneys |
| Sinusoidal | discontinuous with larger gaps in capillary walls. Rare and “leaky” with gaps so large even cells can pass through capillaries walls Found in liver, spleen, and bone marrow |
| Laminar blood flow | Fluid including blood, tends to glow through long, smooth-walled tubes in a streamlined manner called laminar blood flow |
| Turbulent blood flow | When laminar flow is interrupted, it becomes turbulent flow. Here the rate of flow exceeds what the vessel can handle. Forcing small currents of to whorl and hit vessels- making noise. |
| Remember hearing systolic pressure? This was turbulent. When beating stopped, giving us the diastolic reading, is when flow returned to laminar. | |
| Blood Pressure | Pressure / force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels |
| Blood pressure is directly proportional to: | • Cardiac output (5L) • Vascular resistance aka total peripheral resistance (TPR) |
| Blood pressure is measured using two numbers: | 1. Systolic BP 2. Diastolic BP |
| Systolic BP | • The first number represents the systolic blood pressure: highest pressure in the arteries during systole (ventricular contraction). |
| Diastolic BP | • Second number is the diastolic blood pressure: represents the pressure in the arteries during diastole (ventricular relaxation). |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) | A condition in which fatty deposits (atherosclerotic plaques) build up in the walls of the arteries which narrow blood vessels and reduce blood flow to the limbs |
| PAD Symptoms | Leg pain, redness or other color changes in your skin, cold feet, toe and foot sores that don’t heal. |
| PAD Treatment | Healthy diet, exercise, and reducing tobacco products, weight loss, and drugs to reduce platelets and lipids in blood. |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) | Occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one of the deep veins in the body (typically in the calves). |
| DVT Causes | Certain conditions that affect how blood clots, not moving for prolonged periods of time (surgery, illness, accident, plane). |
| DVT Symptoms | Symptoms: leg pain, redness, swelling, feeling of warmth |
| DVT Treatments | Blood thinners (anticoagulants) , compression stockings, and even surgery |
Created by:
liladdoyle