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Chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Congenitally deaf | Deafness that is present at birth; can be caused by genetic factors, by injuries during fetal development, or by injuries occurring at birth. |
| Adventitiously deaf | Deafness that occurs when through illness or accident in an individual who was born without hearing. |
| Prelingual deafness | Deafness occurring before the development of language and speech. |
| Postlingual deafness | Deafness occurring after the development of language and speech. |
| Ossicles | Three tiny bones make possible an efficient transfer of sound waves from the eardrum to the oval window, which connects the middle ear to the inner ear. |
| Malleus | The hammer-shaped bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear. |
| Incus | The anvil-shaped bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear. |
| Stapes | The stirrup-shaped bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear. |
| Oval window | The link between the middle and inner ears. |
| Vestibular mechanism | Located in the upper portion of the inner ear; consists of three soft, semicircular canals filled with a fluid; sensitive to head movement, acceleration, and other movements related to balance. |
| Cochlea | A small-shaped organ that lies below the vestibular mechanism in the inner year; its parts convert the sounds coming from the middle ear into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain. |
| Otoacoustic emissions | Low-intensity sounds produced by the cochlea in response to auditory stimulation; used to screen hearing problems in infants and very young children. |
| Audiologist | An individual trained in audiology, the science dealing with hearing impairments, their detection, and remediation. |
| Pure-tone audiometry | A test whereby tones of various intensities and frequencies are presented to determine a person's hearing loss. |
| Hertz (Hz) | A unit of measurement of the frequency of sound; refers to the highness or lowness of a sound. |
| Audiometric zero | The lowest level at which people with normal hearing can hear. |
| Speech audiometry | A technique that tests a person's detection and understanding of speech, rather than using pure tones to detect hearing loss. |
| Speech-reception threshold (SRT) | The decibel level at which a person can understand speech. |
| Conductive hearing impairment | A hearing impairment, usually mild, resulting from malfunctioning along the conductive pathway of the ear. |
| Sensorineural hearing impairment | A hearing impairment, usually severe, resulting from from malfunctioning of the inner ear. |
| Mixed hearing impairment | A hearing impairment resulting from a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing impairments. |
| Otitis media | An inflammation of the middle ear; common in young children; can result in hearing loss; when caused by infection, called acute otitis media. |
| Connexin-26 gene | A gene, the mutation of which causes deafness; the leading cause of congenital deafness in children. |
| Congential cytomegalovirus (CMV) | The most frequently occurring viral infection in newborns; can result in a variety of disabilities, especially hearing impairment. |
| Sign language | A manual language used by people who are dead to communicate; a true language with its own grammar. |
| Black American Sign Language Dialect (BASL) | A dialect of African American Sign Language users that went through the same struggles of segregation as other African American students in early America. |
| In-vitro fertilization | A method of promoting pregnancy; a procedure whereby a woman's egg or eggs are taken from her ovaries, and male sperm are placed with the eggs in the laboratory. |
| Oralism-manualism debate | The controversy over whether the goal of instruction for students who are deaf should be to teach them to speak or to teach them to use sign language. |
| Total communication approach | An approach for teaching students with hearing impairment that blends oral and manual techniques. |
| Simultaneous communication | The use of both manual and and oral communication by people who are deaf. |
| Bicultural-biligual approach | An approach for teaching students with hearing impairment that stresses teaching American Sign Language as a first language and English as a second language and promotes the teaching of Deaf children. |
| Auditory-verbal approach | Part of the oral approach to teaching students who have hearing impairment: stresses teaching the person to use his or her remaining hearing as much as possible; heavy emphasis on the use of amplification. |
| Auditory-oral approach | A method of teaching communication to people who are dead that stresses the use of visual cues, such as speechreading and cued speech. |
| Speechreading | A method that involves teaching children to use visual information from a number of sources to understand what is being said to them; more than just lipreading, which uses only visual clues arising from the movement of the mouth in speaking. |
| Cued speech | A method to aid speechreading in people with hearing impairment; the speaker uses hand shapes to represent sounds. |
| Homophenes | Sounds that are different but that look the same with regard to movements of the face and lips. |
| Signing English systems | Used simultaneously with oral methods in the total communication approach to teaching students who are deaf; different from American Sign Language because the signs maintain the same word order as spoken English. |
| Fingerspelling | Spelling the English alphabet by various finger positions on one hand. |
| Text telephones (TT) | A device connected to a telephone by a special adapter; allows communication over the telephone between people who have hearing impairment and those with hearing; sometimes referred to as a TTY (teletype) or TTD (telecommunication device for the deaf) |
| Video relay service (VRS) | A service, using a sign language interpreter, a video camera or computer, and an Internet connection that allows persons who are deaf to communicate with those who are hearing. |
| Transliteration | A method used by most sign language interpreters in which the signs maintain the same word order as that of spoken English; American Sign Language is also used by some interpreters. |
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kileywray714