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Bio 118 unit 1
Blood, blood blow, lymphatic system, anatomy of heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a transfusion reaction | breathing problems and sever pain |
| ABO blood types are distinguished by | Antigens A and B on RBC membranes |
| blood volume values with | body fat content |
| the enzyme that digests fibrin threads and dissolves clots is | plasmin |
| what is the substance in tea that binds iron, reducing the amount absorbed | tannic acid |
| the first heart sound (S1, "lubb") is associated with | closing of the AV valves |
| reticulocytes are best described as | immature RBCs released into blood that mature into erythrocytes |
| the median cubital vein is clinically important because it | is common site for venipuncture connecting superficial veins |
| the normal white blood cell count is ____cells per microliter of blood | 4,500 |
| platelets are also called | thrombocytes |
| plasma is best described as | the clear, straw -colored liquid portion of blood |
| the extrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered by | tissue damaged and tissue thromboplastin (factor III) |
| semilunar valves open when ventricular pressure becomes | greater than the pressure in the great arteries |
| during inspiration, venous return is aided because thoracic pressure | falls below abnormal pressure |
| the aorta is divided into major portions including the | ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta |
| T cells primarily | directly attack pathogens and tumor cells |
| platelets help in homeostasis by | sticking to damaged surfaces and contributing to plug formation |
| WBC movement toward chemicals released by damaged cells is | Positive chemotaxis |
| antiangiogenesis drugs are used to treat conditions such as | cancer and age-related macular degeneration |
| the typical shape of a red blood cell is | a biconcave disc |
| nonprotein nitrogenous substances include | creatinine |
| blood cells originate in red bone marrow from | hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts) |
| diapedesis is | movements of white blood cells out of the circulation |
| the coronary sinus drains into the | right atrium |
| the tough outer pericardial layer is the | fibrous pericardium |
| two substances that are useful for dissolving blood clots are | urokinase and streptokinase |
| the average life span of a red blood cell is | 120 days |
| Rh- positive blood means | RBCs have antigen D (or other Rh antigens) |
| the T wave represents | ventricular repolarization |
| thrombin converts fibrinogen into | fibrin |
| after the AV node, the impulse travels through the | AV bundle (his) |
| normal stroke volume is approximately | 70mL/beat |
| blood pressure is measured in units of | mm Hg |
| hematopoietic stem cells can | self-renew and differentiate in response to growth factors |
| skeletal muscle contractions aid venous return by | compressing veins and moving blood toward the heart |
| a nurse note that a patient's platelets are not adhering to an intact vessel lining | do not adhere to smooth endothelium |
| atherosclerosis involves | cholesterol plaque deposits in arterial walls |
| a reduced oxygen carrying capacity due to low RBCs or hemoglobin is called | anemia |
| hypertension is often called a "silent killer" because it | may cause no direct symptoms for long periods |
| blood coagulation is often described as a | cascade of reactions where each step activates the next |
| at the venular end of a capillary, fluid movement is typically | into the capillary by reabsorption |
| leukocytosis refers to | a high WBC count |
| the process where WBCs squeeze between capillary wall cells to enter tissues is | diapedesis |
| if the SA node is damaged, the AV node may act as a pacemaker at about | 40 to 60 beats/min |
| leukemia is best described as | a cancer of white blood cells |
| a platelet plug is formed when fibrinogen is converted to fibrin | false |
| veins function as blood reservoirs because they | contain about two-thirds of blood volume at a time |
| type AB is often called the universal recipient for RBCs because it | lacks anti A and B antibodies |
| Arteries have a thick tunica media with | smooth muscle and elastic tissue |
| the pericardial cavity is between the | parietal and visceral pericardium |
| tachycardia is defined as a resting heart rate | >100 beats/min |
| a red blood cell contains a high percentage of | hemoglobin |
| papillary muscles contract primarily to | tighten chordae tendinea during ventricular systole |
| compared with arteries, veins generally have | thinner tunica media and lower pressure |
| lymphocytes typically represent about | 25% to 33% of leukocytes |
| antithrombin helps prevent excessive clotting by | inactivating thrombin |
| continuous capillaries are common in | muscle, connective, nervous tissue, and skin |
| worn out RBCs are removed primarily by the | spleen and liver |
| varicose veins are | abnormally dilated superficial veins, often in legs |
| plasma protiens are typically | not used as an energy source |
| the major event in coagulation is conversion of fibrinogen into | fibrin threads |
| atrial fibrillation | not immediately life threatening |
| the pulmonary semilunar valve is located between the | right ventricle and pulmonary trunk |
| the most abundant dissolved substances in plasma are | plasma proteins |
| all the arteriolar end of a capillary, fluid movement is typically | out of the capillary by filtration |
| mean arterial pressure (MAP) is best described as | average pressure driving blood through tissues |
| basophils typically represent | less than 1% of leukocytes |
| granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and | basophils |
| leukopenia refers to | a low WBC count |
| the tricuspid valve is located between the | right atrium and right ventricle |
| the endocardium form the | inner lining of the heart chambers |
| during RBC breakdown, globin chains are decomposed into | amino acids |
| when ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure, the AV valves | close |
| leukocytes are produced under control of hormones such as | interleukins and colony stimulating factors |
| the clear straw-colored protein that carries solutes is | plasma |
| the percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells is called the | hematocrit (HCT) |
| RBC counts are useful clinically because they reflect the bloods | oxygen carrying capacity |
| universal precautions are best described as | safety measure to prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) commonly involves | plaque in coronary arteries causing reduced oxygen to myocardium |
| the hearts apex is located near the | 5th intercoastal space |
| in a centrifuged blood sample, plasma is found | at the top of the tube |
| blood is classified as which type of connective tissue | a connective tissue with a liquid matrix (plasma) |
| heparin prevents blood clotting by | inhibiting the formation of prothrombin activator and the action of the thrombin on fibriogen |
| the thickest layer of the heart is the | myocardium |
| the second heart sound (S2, dupp) is associated with | closing of semilunar valves |
| a clot traveling through the bloodstream is a | embolus |
| electrolytes in plasma are important because they | ionize in water and conduct electricity |
| hemostasis refers to | stoppage of bleeding |
| immature RBCs released into circulation are called | reticulocytes |
| atrial flutter typically involves rates of | 250 to 350 beats/min |
| which vessel receives blood ejected from the right ventricle | pulmonary trunk |
| thin-walled upper chambers that receive blood are the | atria |
| the frank starling law relates increased preload to | increased force of contraction and stoke volume |
| precapillary sphincters are composed of | smooth muscle |
| erythroblastosis fetalis may occur | a second Rh-positive fetus developing in an Rh -negative woman |
| healthy endothelial cells discourage clotting by producing | prostacyclin (PG12) |
| thrombosis refers to | a clot in a vessel supplying a vital organ |
| the cardiovascular system consists of | heart and blood vessels |
| arterial diastolic pressure is the | minimum pressure remaining before next ventricular contraction |
| vasodilation of arterioles tends to | increase peripheral resistance and increase blood pressure |
| the intrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered when blood contacts | a foreign surface as exposed collagen |
| blood pressure is directly proportional to | cardiac output and peripheral resistance |
| deep veins of the forearm include the | radial and ulnar veins |
| Marianne has small, bruise like spots on her skin and a low platelet count. these blemishes are most likely | petechiae |
| baroreceptors in the aortic arch are sometimes called | aortic sinuses |
| intercalated discs help cardiac muscle function by providing | desmosomes a gap junction between cells |
| the left coronary artery commonly gives rise to the | anterior interventricular (LAD) artery |
| red blood cells are also called | erythrocytes |
| monocytes typically represent about | 3% to 9% of leukocytes |
| the pulmonary circuit carries blood | from the heart to the lungs and back |
| the first leukocytes to arrive at many infection sites are | neutrophils |
| serum best defined as | plasma minus fibrinogen and most clotting factors |
| arteries are strong, elastic vessels that carry blood to the heart | false |
| osmotic pressure forces molecules in the blood out through capillary walls | false |
| the great saphenous veins is the longest vein in the body | true |
| in an ECG pattern, the PQ interval indicates how long it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the | SA node through the AV node |
| which of the following waves of an ECG pattern is/are currently described as | P wave-depolarization of atria |
| plasma proteins in capillaries | colloid osmotic pressure that draws fluid inward |
| once cells in the SA node reach threshold | an action potential is triggered |
| which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched? | myocardium-cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers |
| blood from the face and scalp is drained by the | external jugular vein |
| which of the following might serve as a secondary pacemaker for the heat | both AV node and Purkinje fibers |
| the correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers |
| water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to _____ | hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure |
| pulse pressure is calculated by | subtracting diastolic pressure from systolic pressure |
| systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that affects the skeletal muscles only | false |
| the right lymphatic duct empties into the | right subclavian vein |
| the lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the | upper limb and mammary gland |
| cytokines are | polypeptides secreted by immune cells that enhance responses |
| in a primary immune response, IgG typically appears | after IgM |
| B cells are activated when | An antigen binds to their receptors and helper T cytokines assist |
| in active immunity, person becomes immune to a pathogen as a result of having a disease | true |
| defensins are peptides that | damage microbial membranes or walls |
| a typical lymphatic pathway is | lymphatic capillaries, 4, vesseles,4, lymph nodes,4, ducts,4, subclavian veins |
| interferons primarily | block viral replication and stimulate phagocytosis |
| in the elderly, IgM and IgE tend to | decrease |
| T lymphocytes specialize (mature) primarily in the | thymus |
| adaptive defenses are based on distinguishing | self from non-self |
| a newborn is protected against certain digestive and respiratory infections by IgA received via the mothers | milk |
| chemotaxis refers to | movement of phagocytes toward chemical signals from damaged tissue |
| monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are produced by | fusing specific B cell with a cancerous cell line |
| the thoracic duct empties into the | left subclavian vein |
| B cells divide and differentiate into ______ produce and secrete antibodies | plasma cells |
| a child has an enlarged thymus relative to an adult. this is expected because the thymus is | largest in infancy/early childhood and shrinks after puberty |
| fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by | the lymphatic system |
| natural killer (NK) cells defend against | viruses and cancer cells |
| type III hypersensitivity involves | immune complex deposition in tissues |
| with aging immune system decline is associated with | thymus shrinkage and reduced lymphocyte activity |
| IgA is passed to a newborn through maternal_____and breast milk | colostrum |
| choose the item that would provoke a cell to produce interferons | viruses |
| when helper T cell numbers decline in HIV infection | B cells cannot produce antibodies effectively due to reduced cytokines |
| an isograft is | a graft from an identical twin |
| practice: helper T cells primarily | activate other immune cells vis cytokines |
| practice: MALT is best described as | lymphatic tissue associated with mucous membranes |
| IgM is especially important in | early immune responses and reactions to some antigens |
| the antibodies produced in allergic reactions | belong to the immunoglobulin E group |
| the cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are | lymphocytes and macrophages |
| lymphatic vessels are simalar to veins but generally | have thinner walls |
| a primary immune response occurs after | first exposure to an antigen |
| type II hypersensitivity involves | antibody-dependent cytotoxic reactions; complements/lysis |
| activated complement can cause | cell lysis of pathogens |
| older blood cells may be destroyed in the spleen | true |
| lymphocyte precursors originate in | red bone marrow |
| a person has an autoimmune disease. which of the following could be targets for the immune cells in this type of disease? | normal red blood cell |
| a xenograft is | a graft from a different species |
| from the collecting ducts, lymph_____and becomes part of the _______ | veins; plasma |
| CAR-T therapy involves | genetically modifying T cells to recognize a tumor antigen and then infusing them |
| innate defenses are | fast and nonspecific |
| in HIV infection, reverse transcriptase | makes DNA from viral RNA |
| walls of lymphatic capillaries are formed from | simple squamous epithelium |
| IgD is primarily | found on B cell surfaces and common in infants |
| lymph nodes are located | along lymphatic vessels |
| with aging, the thymus tissue is largely replaced by | adipose and connective tissue |
| which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system | transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle |
| mechanical barriers are considered the | first line of defense |
| pepsin helps defend by | destroying microorganisms in gastric juice |
| vaccines in older adults may | require extra doses |
| net filtration exceeding reabsorption normally leads to | formation of tissue fluid that enters lymphatics |
| thymosins are thymic hormones that | stimulate T cell maturation |
| Henrey has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. as a result, the lymph nodes in his_______enlarge | inguinal region |
| a patient develops a skin rash 48 hours after repeated exposure to a chemical. this is most consistent with | type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity |
| the thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum | true |
| injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide | artificially acquired passive immunity |
| T cell activation requires antigen fragments displayed on an | antigen-presenting cell (APC) |
| antibodies are Y-shaped proteins composed of | two heavy and two light chains |
| an antigen is best described as | a non-self-molecule that can evoke an immune response |
| an injection of synthetic antibodies imparts active immunity | false |
| cytotoxic T cells primarily | attack virally infected or cancerous cells |
| the cisterna chyli is most closely associated with the | thoracic duct |
| the thymus is located in the | mediastinum |
| which structure is a specialized lymphatic capillary found in the small intestine for fat absorption | lacteal |
| skin and mucous membranes protect mainly by | preventing pathogen entry |
| rheumatoid arthritis is an example of | type III hypersensitivity |
| lymphatic vessels typically contain | semilunar valves |
| neutralization refers to antibodies | converting toxic portions of antigens to make them harmless |
| IgE is most associated with | allergic responses and mast cells |
| memory t cells | provide future immune protection |
| the most abundant immunoglobulin in plasma is | IgM |
Created by:
muvamayi