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A&P Lecture 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the cardiovascular system | a pump and vessels transporting blood throughout the body |
| Contraction of cardiac muscle tissue pumps | blood throughout the body |
| Functions of the heart: | 1. Generating blood pressure 2. Routing blood 3. Ensuring one-way blood flow 4. Regulating blood supply |
| The pericardium | or pericardial sac. Surrounds the heart and is composed of 2 layers. Think of the heart as double bagged |
| Superficial fibrous pericardium | tough fibrous connective tissue that anchors heart within the thoracic cage |
| Deep serous pericardium | a thin, two-layered, lubricated membrane forming a closed sac around the heart, crucial for reducing friction during cardiac contractions |
| The deep serous pericardium consists of what 2 layers | 1. Fibrous parietal layer 2. Epicardium |
| Epicardium | Epicardium (visceral) is part of the heart. This layer of simple squamous epithelium lines the surface of the heart. THIS IS WHERE THE HEART BEGINS!! |
| The heart wall is composed of the (3) | epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium |
| Epicardium | 1 thin superficial cell layer forming a smooth external surface and superficial adipose |
| Myocardium | Thick middle layer of cardiac muscle tissue responsible for the heart's ability to contract |
| Endocardium | deepest layer composed of simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue. The endocardium forms the smooth, inner surface of the heart chambers |
| Through the heart is a single structure, it is | actually two pumps in one |
| The right side of the heart pumps blood through the | pulmonary circulation, which carries blood to the links, where CO2 from the blood enters the lungs and O2 diffuses from the lungs into the blood. |
| The pulmonary circulation returns blood to the | left side of the heart |
| The left side of the heart pumps blood through the | systemic circulation, which delvers O2 and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body. |
| From those (lung) tissues, whats carried back to what side of the heart? | CO2 and other waste products are carried back to the right side of the heart. |
| Coronary circulation | Provides blood flow to the heart via coronary artery Blood returns to the right atria (same as systemic circuit) via cardiac veins |
| Electrical properties of the heart | special cardiac pacemaker cells begins at the sinoatrial (SA) node |
| Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) measures what | measures the electrical activity of the heartbeat With each beat, an electrical impulse (or wave) travels throughout the heart This electrical wave causes the muscle to squeeze and pump blood from the heart |
| A normal heartbeat on ECG will show | the rate and rhythm of the contractions in the upper and lower chambers. |
| P wave = | atrial depolarization |
| QRS complex = | ventricular depolarization |
| T wave = | ventricular recovery/repolarization/rest |
| What does the action potential for pacemakers do differently than the muscle one? | - Calcium goes into the cell with Na+ during depolarization - Doesn't hyperpolarize |
| Commotio Cordis | a phenomenon in which a sudden blunt impact to the chest stops the heart (cardiac arrest) This has to happen in the right spot at the right exact second Exact mechanism is poorly understood |
| Regulation of the heart | to maintain homeostasis, the amount of blood pumped by the heart must vary dramatically (50-140+ bpm) based on needs of the body |
| Heart rate is controlled by many factors but these factors can be categorized as | Intrinsic and Extrinsic regulation |
| Intrinsic regulation is done by | cardiovascular system itself without neural or hormonal regulation |
| Extrinsic regulation involves | neural and hormonal control |
| Intrinsic regulation of the heart this happens due to | cardiac muscle cells stretching and generating more force upon contraction |
| Starling’s law states that | the stroke volume of the heart increased in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricle- before contraction |
| Filling and propelling of blood is done by | This is done by cardiac muscle fibers stretching. Remember muscle fibers are elastic, meaning they spring back to their regular shape after being stretched |
| BP increases -Volume in ventricle increases -Muscle fibers stretch -> | -Stretch muscle fibers contract with more force. -This increases the volume of blood ejected (stroke volume) which increases blood pressure. <- |
Created by:
liladdoyle