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ansc250 exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| horse scientific name | Equus caballus |
| where horses originated | north america |
| horses greatest contribution to human history | war |
| mare | mature female horse |
| stallion | intact mature male |
| gelding | castrated male horse |
| colt | young male horse |
| filly | young female horse |
| foal | colt or filly up to 1 yo |
| weanling | colt or filly 5-7 months old |
| yearling | colt or filly that is 1 yo |
| eocene | horses 50 mil years ago. 4 toes. fox sized. 14 inches at shoulder. coat reflects forest. |
| oligocene | horses 35 mil years ago. 3 toes. 30 inches. coat reflects forest. |
| miocene | horses 20 mil years ago. forming herds. 45 inches. larger molar. 3 toes. browser (moved out of forest). |
| most US horses used for? | recreation and showing |
| reasons horses go unwanted | cost |
| how many horses go unwanted each year | 200 |
| state with most horses | texas |
| state with 2nd most horses | california |
| state with 3rd most horses | florida |
| state with 2nd most horses on farms | tennessee |
| majority of tennessee horse farms have less than ? head | less than 5 head |
| part of tennessee where most horses are | middle tennessee |
| all non-white horses have what color base? | black or red |
| chestnut coated horses | red body |
| sorrel coat horses | red body |
| brown coat horses | mistaken for black |
| bay coated horses | brown body |
| white coated horses | white |
| gray coated horses | born dark |
| silvering | increase of white hair on horse as they age |
| horse coat colors with single dilution/cream gene | palomino |
| horse coat colors with double dilution/cream gene | cremello |
| roan gene in horses | mixture of white and dark hairs on any body color |
| appaloosa gene in horses | spotted coat |
| star horse marking | |
| blaze horse marking | |
| stripe horse marking | |
| broken stripe horse marking | |
| snip horse marking | |
| star and stripe horse marking | |
| bald face horse marking | |
| coronet horse marking | |
| pastern horse marking | |
| sock horse marking | |
| stocking horse marking | |
| horse identification methods | hot/freeze brand |
| freeze branding (horses) | less stressful |
| tattoos (horses) | was widely used in racing |
| retinol scanning (horses) | not used often |
| microchipping (horses) | used widely |
| BLM | bureau of land management |
| horse marking that BLM uses | freeze branding |
| draft horses | military |
| light horses | speed |
| stock horses | muscular |
| saddle horses | show breeds |
| belgian horse | draft |
| percheron | draft |
| clydesdale | draft horse |
| shire | draft |
| types of light horses | saddle |
| paint horse | stock (light) |
| pinto horse | not registered quarter horse |
| arabian horse | saddle (light) |
| morgan horse | saddle (light) |
| american saddlebred horse | saddle (light) |
| tennessee walking horse | saddle (light) |
| american quarter horse | stock (light) |
| appaloosa horse | stock (light) |
| hunter type (horses) | running/jumping |
| thoroughbred horse | hunter (light) |
| appendix quarter horse | hunter (light) |
| sport type horses | warmbloods |
| ponies | 14.2 hands or less |
| hunter type breed known for kentucky derby | thoroughbred |
| saddle type breed named for its state of origin | tennessee walking horse |
| cross between draft and light breeds | sport horse |
| type of horse most ideal for working with cattle | stock |
| type of horse most ideal for fox hunting and flat racing | hunter |
| type of horse with flashy | vertical movement and a characteristic silhouette |
| which draft type breed is the tallest? | shire |
| which saddle type breed is the oldest? | arabian |
| which stock type breed is known for cattle and ranch work? | quarter horse |
| horse ferment type | non-ruminant hindgut fermenters |
| horse stomach capacity | 2-5 gallons |
| male horse tooth count | 40-42 |
| female horse tooth count | 36-40 |
| where is galvaynes groove? | upper corner incisors |
| when does galvaynes groove appear? | 10 years |
| when is galvaynes groove halfway down tooth? | 15 years |
| when is galvaynes groove all the way down tooth? | 20 years |
| when is galvaynes groove gone from tooth? | 30 years |
| what age does a horse have all adult teeth? | 5 years |
| horses do not have... | gallbladders or clavicles |
| average horse heart weight | 8.5 lbs |
| record horse heart weight | 22 lbs (secretariat) |
| how long do horses REM sleep a day | 20 mins (lying down) |
| how do horses rest standing up? | ligament hooks over femur to lock legs |
| horse estrous cycle length | 21-23 days |
| horse estrus (heat) length | 5-7 days |
| horse gestation length | 335-340+ days |
| parturition | horse giving birth (foaling) |
| first stage of horse labor | dilation |
| second stage of horse labor | delivery of fetus |
| average time to deliver horse fetus | 20 mins |
| third stage of horse labor | expulsion of placenta |
| how long does the expulsion of placenta take (horses) | 1-2+ hours |
| 1-2-3 hour rule after foaling | foal up in 1 hour |
| average horse temp | 100 degrees |
| average horse heart rate | 33 beats per min |
| average horse respiration rate | 11 breaths per min |
| most accurate horse weight measurement | electronic scale |
| 2nd most accurate horse weight measurement | (heartgirth^2 x Body Length) / 330= BW(lbs) |
| least accurate horse weight measurement | body weight tape |
| 1 hand | 4 inches (measured at withers) |
| most common illnesses and issues in horses | eye injuries |
| eye injuries (horse) | always an emergency |
| signs of eye injury (horse) | squinting |
| choke (horse) | something not passing through esophagus |
| colic (horse) | pain in whole abdomen |
| lacerations/punctures (horse) | wounds in fetlock |
| lameness (horse) | alteration of gait |
| euth methods (horse) | lethal injection |
| when should you dispose of horse carcass? | within 48 hours |
| horse BCS range | 1-9 |
| ideal horse BCS | 5 |
| minimum horse care | food |
| hypsodont | continuous eruption of horses teeth |
| core horse vaccines | rabies |
| risk based vaccines (horse) | equine herpesvirus |
| what should horse deworming be based on? | based on fecal egg count |
| how often should horse hooves be trimmed? | every 4-8 weeks |
| are horses herbivores or carnivores? | herbivores |
| average horse daily water consumption | 5-20 gallons a day |
| horse water intake increases in... | summer |
| horse diet | bulk is forage |
| primary source of energy in horse diet | carbohydrates |
| is forage high fiber? | yes |
| horse minimum forage requiremet | 1.5-2% body weight |
| most horses forage intake | 2-2.5% body weight |
| common horse forages | grasses and legumes (alfalfa=highest protein and most expensive) |
| what can moldy hay cause in horses | colic |
| feeds/concentrates shouldnt exceed... | 1% body weight |
| too much feed and concentrate in horses can lead to... | gastric ulcers |
| what amount of performance horses are affected by gastric ulcers? | 90% |
| laminitis | inflammation of laminae (connective tissue) of hoof |
| horse vision | 360 degrees |
| horse hearing | highly adapted |
| horse smell | better than dogs and humans |
| horse taste | less sensitive than humans |
| horse touch | sensitive over entire body |
| skin twitch in horses | panniculus reflex |
| ability for horses to determine their body position | proprioception |
| horse antagonistic behavior | aggression |
| horse epimeletic behavior | touch |
| horse allelomimetic behavior | mimicry |
| horse ingestive behavior | eating/drinking |
| horse eliminative behavior | defecation/urination |
| horse ears forward/relaxed | interested |
| horse ears stiffly forward | alarmed |
| horse ears back/relaxed | listening behind them |
| horse ears droopy | resting |
| horse ears pointed left and right | relaxed |
| horse ears stiffly back | annoyed |
| horse ears flat against neck | very angry |
| horse nostrils dilated | smelling |
| horse nostrils wrinkled | angry or scared |
| horse nostrils blowing/snorting/quivering | fear |
| horse legs raised/lifted | threat or irritation |
| horse legs cocked | resting |
| horse legs restless | nervous |
| horse tail raised | excited |
| horse tail clamped | fearful |
| horse tail swishing | agitated |
| horse tail lightly lifted | relaxed |
| how to approach a horse | from shoulder at angle toward neck |
| where to hold lead rope | 6 inches below clip |
| which side of the horse should you stand on? | left |
| should you wrap the lead rope around your hand? | no |
| which way should you turn a horse? | away from you |
| what type of knot should be used to tie up horse | quick release knot |
| are bike helmets acceptable for riding horses? | no |
| dystocia | difficult birth (pigs) |
| parity | number of litters a sow has had |
| pig gestation feeding | limited |
| after farrowing feeding (pigs) | up to 18 lb/day |
| creep feeding | offer dry feed to piglets to reduce strain on sow |
| what age do pigs start eating dry feed? | 10 days old |
| pig weaning age | 3 weeks |
| sow size | 500-600 lbs |
| gilt size | 450-500 lbs |
| newborn pig size | 2 lbs |
| pig weight at weaning | 15-20 lbs |
| when should you move sow/gilt into farrowing crate? | day 112 of gestation |
| pig gestation length | 114 days |
| #1 cause of piglet mortality | crushed by sow |
| when does sow return to heat? | 5 days after weaning |
| are sows calmer than gilts leading up to farrowing | yes |
| ideal piglet delivery rate | one pig every 20 mins |
| where are runts often located? | end of the uterine horns |
| stillborn pig | full-term piglet dies at delivery |
| mummy pigs | early fetal losses |
| what does colostrum do for newborn piglets | gives them passive immunity |
| how does oxytocin help with farrowing | supports milk let-down |
| goal number of teats on a sow | 12 |
| why do pigs cross foster? | piglets don't form a strong exclusive bond to one sow |
| piglet mortality causes | crushing |
| typical industry pre-weaning mortality | 14% |
| pre-weaning mortality with 24/7 care (dr kojima) | 4% |
| sow mortality | 18% |
| euth methods for piglets | blunt force trauma |
| euth methods for sows | slaughter (sausage) |
| when should you give piglets iron injections? | day 0-3 |
| what age do piglets start fighting? | 2 days old |
| why do we dock tails? | reduces tail biting |
| what age are piglets castrated? | day 1-3 |
| left ear notches | # pig in its litter |
| right ear notches | which sow the pig comes from |
| lower outer ear notch = | 1 |
| upper outer ear notch = | 3 |
| upper inner ear notch = | 9 |
| lower inner ear notch = | 27 |
| tip ear notch = | 81 |
| boar | intact male pig |
| barrow | castrated male pig |
| yorkshire pig | white |
| duroc pig | red |
| landrace pig | white |
| berkshire pig | black w white points |
| average pig litter size | 11.7 |
| yorkshire | |
| duroc | |
| landrace | |
| berkshire | |
| should you let gilts have a few heats before breeding? | yes - goal 3 heats |
| how many parities do you keep a sow for? | 4-5 |
| what size are pigs when in nursery? | weaning to 50 lb |
| what size are pigs when in grower phase? | 50 to 150 lb |
| what size are pigs when in finisher phase? | 150 to market (280) |
| market weight depends on... | corn price |
| slaughter age and weight | 5.5 months old |
| what amount of pigs go through market cycle | 90% |
| what amount of pigs are kept for breeding | 10% (mostly females) |
| does the industry use anything other than artificial insemination for pig breeding? | no |
| who drives overall preference | consumers |
| do families that own farms and manage labor own their pigs? | no |
| what do genetics companies sell? | semen and replacement gilts |
| ADG | average daily gain |
| FE | feed efficiency |
| HCW | hot carcass weight |
| PSY | pigs weaned per sow per year |
| LSY | litters per sow per year |
| NBA | number born alive |
| #1 state for pig inventory | iowa |
| #2 state for pig inventory | minnesota |
| #3 state for pig inventory | north carolina |
| the top 15 pig packers process what amount of US hog slaughter? | 64% |
| large processor companies in US | Smithfield |
| #1 producer and major consumer of pigs | china |
| #4 producer of pigs and our biggest competitor (growing) | brazil |
| #1 exporter of pig | US |
| PED | Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea |
| FMD | foot and mouth disease |
| ASF | african swine fever |
| modern pigs | longer |
| what do farrowing crates prioritize? | piglet and worker safety (short term) |
| what do gestation crates prioritize? | aggression control and worker safety (welfare concerns) |
| amount of sheep in TN | 48 |
| amount of goats in TN | 89 |
| amount of sheep in US | 5.23 million |
| amount of goats in US | 2.62 million |
| #1 state in new producer growth (ruminants) | tennessee |
| what does tennessee mostly produce (sheep) | meat |
| how should you hold a sheep | hand under jaw and hand behind head |
| #1 health problem in sheep | parasites |
| most common cause of death among young lambs in the summer | Haemonchus Contortus |
| what does the FAMANCHA system check? | eye membranes for paleness/anemia |
| how often should you examine sheep with FAMANCHA in spring and summer? | every 2-3 weeks |
| how often should you examine sheep with FAMANCHA in fall and winter? | every 4-6 weeks |
| which sheep should you examine with FAMANCHA more often? | young and heavily pregnant |
| puberty age in small ruminants | 5-8 months (bucks sooner) |
| sheep estrous cycle length | 14-19 days |
| goat estrous cycle length | 18-24 days |
| sheep estrus length | 20-42 hours |
| goat estrus length | 25-40 hours |
| small ruminant gestation length | 5 months |
| hampshire (sheep) | |
| shropshire (sheep) | |
| suffolk (sheep) | |
| katahdin (sheep) | |
| southdown (sheep) | |
| merino (sheep) | |
| rambouillet (sheep) | |
| what do hampshires produce | meat |
| what do shropshires produce | meat |
| what do suffolks produce | meat |
| what do katahdins produce | meat |
| what do southdowns produce | meat |
| what do merinos produce | wool (highest quality) |
| what do rambouillets produce | wool |
| nubian goat | |
| saanen goat | |
| toggenburg goat | |
| alpine goat | |
| lamancha goat | |
| boer goat | |
| kiko goat | |
| spanish goat | |
| angora goat | |
| cashmere goat | |
| what product do nubians produce? | dairy |
| what product do saanens produce? | dairy |
| what product do toggenburgs produce? | dairy |
| what product do alpines produce? | dairy |
| what product do lamancha produce? | dairy |
| what product do boers produce? | meat |
| what product do kikos produce? | meat |
| what product do angoras produce? | fiber |
| what product do cashmeres produce? | fiber |
| which goat has really small ears? | lamancha |
| what season do small ruminants breed? | fall |
| what season do small ruminants give birth? | spring |
| sheep normal temp | 100.9 - 103.8 degrees |
| sheep normal respiration | 12 - 15 bpm |
| sheep normal heart rate | 70 - 80 bpm |
| goat normal temp | 101.3 - 103.5 degrees |
| goat normal respiration | 12 - 24 bpm |
| goat normal heart rate | 70 - 80 bpm |
| small ruminant BCS range | 1-5 |
| small ruminant ideal/average BCS | 3 |
| do you need to palpate small ruminants to measure BCS? | yes |
| small ruminant breeding BCS | 3-4 |
| lambing/kidding BCS | 3-3.5 |
| weaning BCS (small ruminants) | 2+ |
| foot scald (small ruminants) | between toes |
| foot rot (small ruminants) | more severe than foot scald |
| small ruminant vaccinations | CD&T |
| soremouth/orf (small ruminants) | zoonotic |
| respiratory disease/pneumonia (small ruminants) | common |
| Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) (small ruminants) | bacterial disease |
| pregnancy toxemia (small ruminants) | late gestation problem |
| ruminal acidosis (small ruminants) | grain overload |
| copper toxicity (small ruminants) | critical |
| grass tetany (small ruminants) | magnesium deficiency |
| scrapie (sheep) | spread mainly through birth fluids/placental material in lambing areas |
| should you feed small ruminants according to their stage? | yes |
| what should you do when you get a new small ruminant? | quarantine |
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