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Microbio L8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | is the sum total of energy creating and using energy |
| Catabolism | break down complex molecules to make energy |
| Anabolism (Biosynthesis) | spending energy to build up useful molecules |
| Cellular Energy | ATP |
| Adenosine triphosphate | Decent energy in phosphate bonds Break phosphate to release energy to power something Cycle between ATP and ADP HIGH ENERGY BONDS |
| ATP can break to release energy -> | ADP |
| How many phosphate groups in ATP? | 3 Lots of energy stored in the bonds!! |
| Enzymes | Usually proteins (name ends in -ase) |
| What do enzymes do? | Decrease time and energy cost of a reaction Do most of the work in the cell |
| Enzymes and Cofactors | Some enzymes need a cofactor to fully start a reaction Example: NADH brings necessary electrons |
| What does denature mean? | Wrong temperature/pH DENATURES the enzyme Makes it non-functional |
| Phosphorylation | Can act like an on/off switch |
| Competitive inhibitors | Bind substrate pocket directly and BLOCK Concentration dependent |
| Noncompetitive inhibitors | Bind away from substrate site, and prevent activity Not as concentration dependent |
| Reduction | GAIN and electron Gain H+ |
| Oxidation | LOSE and electron Lose H+ |
| Electron carriers | Cofactors, bring necessary electron to/from enzymes to finish a given reaction Example: NAD+ and NADH |
| Who does glucose catabolism? | All cells do! (prok and euk) |
| Glycolysis | Break glucose in half to make a little energy |
| Glycolysis INPUTS | glucose ATP |
| Glycolysis OUTPUTS | pyruvate NADH ATP |
| Intermediate Step | Modify pyruvate to get ready |
| Intermediate Step INPUT | pyruvate |
| Intermediate Step OUTPUT | acetyl-CoA CO2 NADH |
| Krebs Cycle | Convert Acetyl-CoA into a little ATP and lots of carriers Cycles through weird sugar intermediates |
| Krebs Cycle INPUT | Acetyl-CoA |
| Krebs Cycle OUTPUT | ATP NADH FADH2 CO2 |
| Electron Transport | Carriers dump off electrons that pumps protons Protons flow through ATP synthase to make ATP Uses a concentration gradient |
| Electron Transport INPUT | Lots of electrons |
| Electron Transport OUTPUT | A bunch of ATP |
| Aerobic Vs. Anaerobic | Aerobic: need oxygen (all euks) Anaerobic: uses something else |
| Fermentation | Do glycolysis, then stick electrons somewhere to recycle the carries Fewer ATP, but much easier ANAEROBIC Lots of proks do this |
| Do humans do fermentation? | YES When we are low on oxygen Lactic something |
| Can every organism eat everything? | no. |
| Metabolic Tests | Can help identity a microbe by seeing what it can catabolise (and how) Various biochemical tests can help this process Usually a special media with a color change |
| Metabolic Tests Example | Can your organism catabolize sulfur-containing amino acids? If yes, makes H2S, which makes special media turn black |
| Fermentation Tests | Can a microbe ferment a given sugar? And what are the products? • Media containing your sugar (ex. Glucose, lactose, mannitol, etc.) |
| Kinds of things to be looking for in a fermentation test | • With a pH indicator, and upside-down tube • Any growth? • Then your organism can eat that sugar • pH change? • Then an acid is made • Bubbles collected? • Then a gas is made |
Created by:
liladdoyle