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REPRO 2

QuestionAnswer
What are anabolic-androgenic steroids? Synthetic derivatives of testosterone.
Why do athletes use anabolic steroids? Increase muscle mass and strength.
What is epitrenbolone? A metabolite of trenbolone detected in drug tests.
Why do drug tests detect metabolites? The parent drug may be gone but metabolites remain in urine.
What are anabolic effects of testosterone? Effects that build tissue.
Two anabolic effects of testosterone. Increased muscle mass and increased red blood cells.
What dose of testosterone was used in the Bhasin study? 600 mg/week injection.
What produced the greatest muscle growth in the Bhasin study? Testosterone + exercise
What happens to LH when exogenous testosterone is taken? LH decreases.
What happens to FSH with exogenous testosterone? FSH decreases.
Why do LH and FSH decrease with steroid use? Negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary.
Why do PED users gain more muscle than medical testosterone users? PED doses are much higher.
Testosterone levels increased how much in the Bhasin study? About 6×.
Which study used higher testosterone doses? Bhasin study Because it used 600 mg weekly injections.
What are androgenic effects of testosterone? Masculinizing effects.
Name two androgenic effects of testosterone. Facial hair growth and deepening voice.
What reproductive organs grow due to androgenic effects? Prostate and seminal vesicles.
What breast condition can occur in males using steroids? Gynecomastia.
Why can steroid users develop gynecomastia? Testosterone converts to estrogen in fat tissue.
What cholesterol changes occur with steroid use? LDL increases and HDL decreases.
What psychological effect is associated with steroid use? Aggression (roid rage).
How many carbon rings do steroid hormones have? Four rings.
How many carbons does testosterone contain? 19 carbons.
Modifications to which rings increase anabolic activity? A and B rings.
Modifications to carbon-17 determine what? Route of steroid delivery.
What is a depot drug? A slow-release drug reservoir.
Name two routes of steroid administration. Oral and injection. Pellet implant Transdermal gel/patch Sublingual Nasal spray Intravaginal
What transdermal steroid delivery methods exist? Gel or patch.
What is first-pass metabolism? Drug metabolism before reaching systemic circulation.
What type of drug administration experiences first-pass metabolism? Oral drugs.
What effect does first-pass metabolism have on drug bioavailability? It decreases bioavailability.
Which vessel carries drugs from intestines to liver? Hepatic portal vein.
Why do some drugs require injection instead of oral administration? To avoid first-pass metabolism.
What does the hepatic portal vein do? Carries blood from digestive tract to liver.
What enzyme converts testosterone to DHT? 5-alpha reductase.
Which binds the androgen receptor more strongly: testosterone or DHT? DHT.
DHT is responsible for what hair condition? Male pattern baldness.
What is trenbolone? A synthetic anabolic steroid derived from testosterone.
What is nandrolone? A synthetic anabolic steroid.
What does an ester group do in steroid drugs? Creates slow-release depot action.
Where does testosterone produce anabolic effects? Skeletal muscle.
Why does nandrolone cause fewer androgenic effects? Different metabolism and receptor affinity.
What muscle measures anabolic activity in the Hershberger assay? Levator ani muscle.
What organ measures androgenic activity in the assay? Prostate gland.
What organization regulates banned substances in sports? WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency).
What document lists banned substances in sports? WADA Prohibited List.
What ratio is used to detect testosterone doping? Testosterone/Epitestosterone (T/E) ratio.
What is the normal T/E ratio? About 1:1.
What T/E ratio triggers a doping investigation? ≥ 4:1.
What test confirms synthetic testosterone use? isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS).
What is androstenedione? A testosterone precursor steroid supplement.
Site of fertilization Ampulla of fallopian tube
Site of embryo implantation Endometrium of uterus
Structure that picks up ovulated oocyte Fimbria
Two main hormones produced by ovary Estradiol and progesterone
Two basic functions of the ovary Produce oocytes and secrete hormones
Two main ovarian hormones Estradiol and progesterone
Structure that produces estradiol before ovulation Follicle
Structure that produces progesterone after ovulation Corpus luteum
Two somatic cell types in ovarian follicles Granulosa cells and theca cells
Which follicle cells produce androgens? Theca cells
Which follicle cells convert androgens to estradiol? Granulosa cells
Which follicle cells surround and nourish the oocyte? Granulosa cells
Stage where primary oocytes arrest Prophase I
Stage where secondary oocytes arrest Metaphase II
When is Meiosis II completed? After fertilization
What cells are ovulated? Secondary oocytes
What separates during Meiosis I? Homologous chromosomes
What separates during Meiosis II? Sister chromatids
Chromosomes in secondary oocyte 23 chromosomes, 46 chromatids
Chromosomes in mature ovum 23 chromosomes, 23 chromatids
Define Basal lamina extracellular matrix secreted by basement membrane; separates granulosa cells from theca cells
Function of zona pellucida mucopolysaccharide layer surrounding the plasma membrane of the oocyte; Binds sperm and protects oocyte
First stage of follicle development Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle (pre-antral) Antral follicle Graafian follicle (dominant follicle)
Fluid-filled cavity in follicle Antrum
Mature follicle before ovulation Graafian follicle
What appears dark on ultrasound? Fluid
Large follicle before ovulation Dominant (Graafian) follicle
What happens to non-dominant follicles? Atresia (degeneration)
explain what happens in the follicle via ultrasound Early cycle (Day 1) You see many small antral follicles. Just before ovulation One follicle becomes the dominant follicle. This follicle: is larger contains more fluid is preparing for ovulation
Two cells in the two-cell model Theca cells and granulosa cells
Two hormones in the two-gonadotropin model LH and FSH
LH acts on which cells? Theca cells
FSH acts on which cells? Granulosa cells
Enzyme that converts androgens to estradiol Aromatase
Which follicle cell releases inhibin? Granulosa cells
Hormone that triggers ovulation LH surge
What resumes meiosis in the oocyte? LH surge
Cells surrounding ovulated oocyte Cumulus cells
Structure formed after ovulation Corpus luteum
Main hormone produced by corpus luteum Progesterone
Process where follicle becomes corpus luteum Luteinization
Order of follicle development Primordial → Primary → Secondary → Antral → Graafian
What happens to the Graafian follicle during ovulation? It ruptures and releases the oocyte THEN SECONDARY OOCYTE IS RELEASED
What happens to the remaining follicle after ovulation? It undergoes luteinization
What structure forms after luteinization? Corpus luteum
Function of progesterone Prepares and maintains endometrium for pregnancy
What happens to corpus luteum if fertilization does NOT occur? Degenerates after ~14 days (luteolysis)
What hormone maintains corpus luteum during pregnancy? hCG
When do oocytes enter Prophase I arrest? Before birth during fetal development
What cell type is arrested in Prophase I? Primary oocyte
When does the primary oocyte complete Meiosis I? Just before ovulation
Stage where ovulated oocyte is arrested Metaphase II
Two patterns regulating ovarian function Basal LH/FSH secretion and LH surge
What triggers ovulation? LH surge
What triggers the LH surge? Sustained high estradiol
Created by: bythedeli
 

 



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