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ID2 Exam 1

DrugClassActivity IndicationAERelevant notes
Penicillin G Natural Penicillin Good: T. pallidum, Streptococci Poor: everything else (Enterococci is moderate but rarely used) Syphilis "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" IM/IV
Naficillin Penicillinase- resistant Penicillin "Good: Streptococci, Staphylococci *MSSA drug of choice* Poor: everything else" MSSA "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" IV only
Piperacillin/Tazobactam (Zosyn) Acyl Ureidopenicillins Good: gram negative, gram positive, anaerobes, and active against pseudomonas supp. (includes enterococci, MSSA, streptococci) *broad spectrum* "Mainly used for complicated and hospital-acquired infections (PNA, SSTI, UTI, GI, etc)" "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" DOSE: 3.375-4.5gm IV Q6H
Ampicillin Aminopenicillin "Good: streptococci, enterococci Moderate: enteric GNR, respiratory gram positive coccobacilli (H.flu, Moraxella) Poor: staphylococci, anaerobes" "Respiratory tract infections, Otitis media" "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" IV only
Amoxicillin (Amoxil) Aminopenicillin "Good: streptococci, enterococci Moderate: enteric GNR, respiratory gram positive coccobacilli (H.flu, Moraxella) Poor: staphylococci, anaerobes" "Respiratory tract infections, Otitis media" "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" DOSE: 250-500mg PO Q8H
Ampicillin/Sulbatam (Unasyn) Aminopenicillin "Good: streptococci, MSSA, E.faecalis, M.catarrhalis, H.influenza, E.coli, B.fragilis Poor: MRSA *addition of beta lactamase inhibitor improves penicillin activity against MSSA, enteric gram negative, H.flu/Moraxella, and anaerobes*" "Respiratory tract infections, Otitis media" "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" IV only
Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid (Augmentin) Aminopenicillin "Good: streptococci, MSSA, E.faecalis, M.catarrhalis, H.influenza, E.coli, B.fragilis Poor: MRSA *addition of beta lactamase inhibitor improves penicillin activity against MSSA, enteric gram negative, H.flu/Moraxella, and anaerobes*" "Respiratory tract infections, Otitis media" "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" Dose: 875mg PO BID
Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol) 1st gen Cephalosporin Good: gram positive activity against MSSA and streptococci Poor: everything else "any MSSA or streptococcal infection as long as pathogen is susceptible (staph and strep high activity)" "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" DOSE: 1-2gm IV Q8H
Cephalexin (Keflex) 1st gen Cephalosporin Good: gram positive activity against MSSA and streptococci Poor: everything else "any MSSA or streptococcal infection as long as pathogen is susceptible" "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" DOSE: 250-500mg PO Q6H
Cefuroxime 2nd gen Cephalosporin: True Cephalosporin Good: gram positive activity against MSSA and streptococci, increased activity against certain resp gram negative (H.influenza, M.catarrhalis) compared to 1st generation "upper respiratory tract infections (community acquired)" "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity"
Cefotetan 2nd gen Cephalosporin: Cephamycin "Good: improved activity against gram negative and anaerobic organisms (B.fragilis) Poor: lower activity against gram positive organisms compared to 1st generation" "inpatient intra abdominal infections prophylaxis" "MTT side chain associated with inhibition of vitamin K production and increased risk of bleeding, disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol ingestion , GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity"
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 3rd gen Cephalosporin "Good: better gram negative activity compared to 1st/2nd gen (3rd also has gram neg entero activity), streptococci, many gram negative pathogens Poor: no activity against pseudomonas (moderate MSSA activity but generally not used)" "Used for a variety of community and hospital aquired infections (CNS, PNS, UTI, SSTI, etc) *drug of choice for many enteric GNR* (mainly gram neg or streptococcal infections)" "~displaces bilirubin from albumin binding sites, avoid in neonates ~interacts with Ca containing medications to form crystals that precipitate ~biliary sludge with hyperbilirubinemia USE CEFOTAXIME INSTEAD IN NEONATES"
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 3rd gen Cephalosporin "Good: better gram negative activity compared to 1st/2nd gen (3rd also has gram neg entero activity), streptococci, many gram negative pathogens Poor: no activity against pseudomonas (moderate MSSA activity but generally not used)" "Used for a variety of community and hospital aquired infections (CNS, PNS, UTI, SSTI, etc) *drug of choice for many enteric GNR* (mainly gram neg or streptococcal infections)" "~displaces bilirubin from albumin binding sites, avoid in neonates ~interacts with Ca containing medications to form crystals that precipitate ~biliary sludge with hyperbilirubinemia USE CEFOTAXIME INSTEAD IN NEONATES" DOSE: 1-2gm IV Q24H
Ceftazidime (Fortaz) 3rd gen Cephalosporin "Good: better gram negative activity compared to 1st/2nd gen (3rd also has gram neg entero activity), streptococci, many gram negative pathogens Poor: no activity against pseudomonas (moderate MSSA activity but generally not used)" "Used for a variety of community and hospital aquired infections (CNS, PNS, UTI, SSTI, etc) *drug of choice for many pseudomonal* (mainly gram neg, or pseudomonal infections)" "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" IV
Cefdinir (Omnicef) 3rd gen Cephalosporin "Good: better gram negative activity compared to 1st/2nd gen (3rd also has gram neg entero activity), streptococci, many gram negative pathogens Poor: no activity against pseudomonas (moderate MSSA activity but generally not used)" respiratory infections "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" PO
Cefpodoxime (Vantin) 3rd gen Cephalosporin "Good: better gram negative activity compared to 1st/2nd gen (3rd also has gram neg entero activity), streptococci, many gram negative pathogens Poor: no activity against pseudomonas (moderate MSSA activity but generally not used)" PO
Cefepime (Maxipime) 4th gen Cephalosporin "Good: activity against gram negative (pseudomonas, enterobactericiae)(Drug of choice for AmpC producing GNR), activity against gram positive (MSSA, streptococci) Poor: enterococci *broad spectrum*" "Variety of hospital acquired infections (not usually used to treat MSSA or strep because it is broad spectrum)" "Neurotoxicity , GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity" DOSE: 1-2gm IV Q8-12H
Ceftaroline "Anti-MRSA Cephalosporin" "Good: activity against gram positive (MSSA, MRSA, streptococci), common enteric and respiratory aerobic gram neg Poor: enterococci, pseudomonas supp." MRSA (has activity against gram neg but we usually use 3rd gen for gram neg, so this is mainly only used for MRSA) "GI (N/V, diarrhea), hypersensitivity reaction, hematologic toxicity"
Cefolozane/tazobactam (Zerbaxa) MDR Pseudomonas, ESBL enteric GNR (but not carbapenemase producing)
Imipenem/Cilastatin (Primaxin) Carbapenems "*very broad spectrum* Good: most gram pos and gram neg (MSSA, streptococci, enteric/resp gram neg, anaerobes, pseudomonas, acinetobacter supp) Poor: MRSA, enterococci, atypicals" "hospital acquired infections (SSTI, UTI, PNA, etc) *drug of choice for ESBLs*" "generally well tolerated, GI (N/V/D) *neurotoxicity and seizures at high doses*" IV only (resistance to carbapenems can be overcome by adding a beta lactamase inhibitor)
Ertapenem (Invanz) Carbapenems "*broad spectrum, except pseudo and acinetobacter poor activity* Good: most gram pos and gram neg (MSSA, streptococci, enteric/resp gram neg, anaerobes) Poor: pseudomonas, acinetobacter supp, MRSA, enterococci, atypicals" "hospital acquired infections (SSTI, UTI, PNA, etc) *drug of choice for ESBLs*" generally well tolerated, GI (N/V/D) IV only (resistance to carbapenems can be overcome by adding a beta lactamase inhibitor)
Meropenem (Merrem) Carbapenems "*very broad spectrum* Good: most gram pos and gram neg (MSSA, streptococci, enteric/resp gram neg, anaerobes, pseudomonas, acinetobacter supp) Poor: MRSA, enterococci, atypicals" "hospital acquired infections (SSTI, UTI, PNA, etc) *drug of choice for ESBLs*" generally well tolerated, GI (N/V/D) IV only (resistance to carbapenems can be overcome by adding a beta lactamase inhibitor)
Aztreonam (Azactam) Monobactam "Good: only gram neg (enterobactericiae, pseudomonas) Poor: everything else" "mainly reserved for patients with anaphylaxis to other beta lactams since there is no cross reactivity with aztreonam (except ceftazidime does have cross reactivity)" generally well tolerated, GI (N/V/D) IV
Doxycycline (Vibramycin) Tetracyclines Good: atypicals, MRSA, P.acnes Poor: most streptococci, GNR, anaerobes atypical pneumonia, MRSA (community acquired), SSTI,lyme disease, acne GI (N/V/D), bind to multivalent cations=decreases oral absorption (avoid w/ supplements), avoid in kids <8yrs= permanent tooth discoloration (can give short duration <21 days), not recommended in pregnancy= teeth staining, enamel hypoplasia in fetus IV, PO
Minocycline (Minocin) Tetracyclines Good: atypicals, MRSA, P.acnes Poor: most streptococci, GNR, anaerobes atypical pneumonia, MRSA (community acquired), SSTI,lyme disease, acne GI (N/V/D), bind to multivalent cations=decreases oral absorption (avoid w/ supplements), avoid in kids <8yrs= permanent tooth discoloration (can give short duration <21 days), not recommended in pregnancy= teeth staining, enamel hypoplasia in fetus IV, PO
Tigecycline Tetracyclines "*broad spectrum* Good: atypicals, MRSA, P.acnes, VRE, ESBL, anaerobes Poor: most streptococci, GNR, anaerobes" atypical pneumonia, MRSA (community acquired), SSTI,lyme disease, acne higher risk of death, should only be used if no other treatments are available, N/V IV only
Azithromycin (Zpak, Zithromax) Macrolide "Good: atypicals, H.influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis Poor: staphylococci, enterococci, most GNR, anaerobes" "respiratory infections, gonorrhea, chlamydia, H. Pylori" "GI, prolonged QTc, hepatotoxicity, drug interactions (less ddi than clarithromycin)" "PO, IV DOSE: 500mg PO/IV on day 1, 250mg PO/IV on day 2-5"
Erythromycin Macrolide "Good: atypicals, H.influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis Poor: staphylococci, enterococci, most GNR, anaerobes" not really used "GI, prolonged QTc, hepatotoxicity, drug interactions"
Clarithromycin (Biaxin) Macrolide "Good: atypicals, H.influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis Poor: staphylococci, enterococci, most GNR, anaerobes" H. Pylori "GI, prolonged QTc, hepatotoxicity, drug interactions (a lot more ddi than azithromycin)" PO only
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) Quinolone "Good: enterobactericiae, pseudonoma, atypical Poor: MRSA, strep pneumoniae, anaerobes Only one that doesn’t cover strep pneumoniae, Only one that doesn’t cover anaerobes" UTI, intraabdominal infection BBW: risk of tendinitis/tendon rupture (achilles) elderly, corticosteroid use, solid organ transplant pt, QT prolongation, neurologic (dizzy, HA, insomnia, seizure), DDI w/ PO multivalent cations (avoid concomitant use) and warfarin (increased INR) "IV, PO DOSE: 250-750mg PO BID; 400mg IV Q8-12H"
Levofloxacin (Levaquin) Quinolone "Good: strep pneumoniae, enterobactericiae, pseudonoma, atypical Poor: MRSA (moderate anaerobe activity)" "respiratory infections, UTI, intraabdominal infection" BBW: risk of tendinitis/tendon rupture (achilles) elderly, corticosteroid use, solid organ transplant pt, QT prolongation, neurologic (dizzy, HA, insomnia, seizure), DDI w/ PO multivalent cations (avoid concomitant use) and warfarin (increased INR) "IV, PO DOSE: 250-750mg IV/PO QD"
Moxifloxacin (Avelox) Quinolone "Good: strep pneumoniae, enterobactericiae, atypicals, anaerobes Poor: MRSA, pseudomonas Only one that doesn't cover pseudomonas" "respiratory infections, intraabdominal infection" BBW: risk of tendinitis/tendon rupture (achilles) elderly, corticosteroid use, solid organ transplant pt, QT prolongation, neurologic (dizzy, HA, insomnia, seizure), DDI w/ PO multivalent cations (avoid concomitant use) and warfarin (increased INR) "IV, PO *avoid moxi in UTI because it is not renally cleared*"
Delafloxacin (Baxdela) Quinolone "Good: MRSA, strep pneumoniae, enterobactericiae, pseudonoma, atypical, MRSA Only one that covers MRSA" "respiratory infections, intraabdominal infection" BBW: risk of tendinitis/tendon rupture (achilles) elderly, corticosteroid use, solid organ transplant pt, QT prolongation, neurologic (dizzy, HA, insomnia, seizure), DDI w/ PO multivalent cations (avoid concomitant use) and warfarin (increased INR) IV, PO
"Sulfamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra, Co-trimoxazole)" Sulfonamide "Good: some gram negative (E.coli, stenotrophamonas maltophilia), gram positive (staphylococci, CA-MRSA, MSSA), pneumocyctis jirovecii *HA-MRSA ia resistant to bactrim* Poor: pseudomonas, enterococci, atypicals, anaerobes" "UTI (dose: 1ds bid), SSTI *drug of choice in: stenotrophamonas maltophilia, and pneumocyctis jirovecii*" "avoid in sulfa allergic pt, dermatologic (rash, skin photosensitivity), pancytopenia (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia; dose dependent), ddi with warfarn (increased INR)" "IV, PO DOSE (single strength): 400mg SMX/80mg TMP DOSE (double strength): 800mg SMX/160mg TMP *dosing is based on trimethoprim component)"
Clindamycin (Cleocin) Lincosamide Good with anaerobes except C.diff, good with streptococci, staphylococci (including CA MRSA) *HA-MRSA is resistant* No activity against aerobic gram neg, enterococci, and atypicals "SSTI, anaerobic infections" "*Block Box warining: worsens C.diff* GI (N/V/D)" "PO, IV DOSING: 300-450mg PO Q6-8H"
Metronidazole (Flagyl) Nitromidazole "Good: anaerobes (bacteroids sp, prevotella sp, fusobacterium sp, clostridium supp, C.diff) Poor: everything else" anaerobic infections (intraabdominal, second line for C.diff, bacterial vaginosis) "GI (N/V/D), neurologic (peripheral neuropathy), ddi with warfarin (increased INR), avoid alcohol" "IV, PO DOSING: 500mg IV/PO Q8-12H"
Telavancin Lipoglycopeptide "*only active against gram positive bacteria* streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci (includes MRSA)" only used if there are no other options (if benefit outweighs risk) BBW: increased mortality compared to vanco, esp w/ renal impairment, risk of nephtotoxicity, pregnancy test for women needed due to teratogenic effects, inference with PT, aPTT, ACT,INR (interferes with lab tests, not platelet aggregation/ coagulation)"
Dalbavancin Lipoglycopeptide "*only active against gram positive bacteria* streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci (includes MRSA)" SSTI n/a long acting with t1/2 >200 hours, so pt only needs 1-2 doses to cure infection
Oritavancin Lipoglycopeptide "*only active against gram positive bacteria* streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci (includes MRSA)" SSTI n/a long acting with t1/2 >200 hours, so pt only needs 1-2 doses to cure infection
Daptomycin (Cubicin) Lipopeptide very good activity against most gram positive: streptococci, staphylococco (including MRSA), enterococci (including VRE) "MRSA, VRE (SSTI, UTI, bone/joint, bacteremia) *avoid use in pneumonia (inactivated by lung surfactants), CNS infection*" "skeletal muscle toxicity (myopathy), elevated creatine kinsae (weekly monitoring)" IV only
Linezolid (Zyvox) Oxazolidinone very good activity against most gram positive: streptococci, staphylococco (including MRSA), enterococci (including VRE) MRSA, VRE, SSTI, PNA "myelosuppression (generally reversible), peripheral neuropathy, optic neuropathy (generally reversible) *weak reversible MAO inhibitor, not recommended in combo with SSRI, SNRI, TCA due to seratonin syndrome*" "IV, PO DOSE: 600mg PO Q12H"
Tedizolid phosphate (Sivextro) Oxazolidinone very good activity against most gram positive: streptococci, staphylococco (including MRSA), enterococci (including VRE) MRSA, VRE, SSTI, PNA "myelosuppression (generally reversible), peripheral neuropathy, optic neuropathy (generally reversible) *currently no limitation in combining with serotonergic drugs*"
Amikacin Aminoglycoside "Good: gram negative, pseudomonas, synergistic activity against gram positive when used in combo with a cell wall active agent (no activity against gram positive when used as monotherapy) Poor: everything else" "hospital acquired gram negative infections, mostly used as part of empiric therapy for HAP/VAP, enterococcal endocardits *rarely used as monotherapy unless no other options available*" Ototoxicity (2-14%; usually irreversible and dose/duration dependent) Nephrotoxicity (5-10%) --> risk factors: elderly, dehydration, ICU, kidney disease, concomitant nephrotoxic drugs, multiple daily dosing, high troughs, longer duration of therapy IV
Gentamicin Aminoglycoside "Good: gram negative, pseudomonas, synergistic activity against gram positive when used in combo with a cell wall active agent (no activity against gram positive when used as monotherapy) Poor: everything else" "hospital acquired gram negative infections, mostly used as part of empiric therapy for HAP/VAP, enterococcal endocardits *rarely used as monotherapy unless no other options available*" Ototoxicity (2-14%; usually irreversible and dose/duration dependent) Nephrotoxicity (5-10%) --> risk factors: elderly, dehydration, ICU, kidney disease, concomitant nephrotoxic drugs, multiple daily dosing, high troughs, longer duration of therapy IV
Tobramycin Aminoglycoside "Good: gram negative, pseudomonas, synergistic activity against gram positive when used in combo with a cell wall active agent (no activity against gram positive when used as monotherapy) Poor: everything else" "hospital acquired gram negative infections, mostly used as part of empiric therapy for HAP/VAP, enterococcal endocardits *rarely used as monotherapy unless no other options available*" Ototoxicity (2-14%; usually irreversible and dose/duration dependent) Nephrotoxicity (5-10%) --> risk factors: elderly, dehydration, ICU, kidney disease, concomitant nephrotoxic drugs, multiple daily dosing, high troughs, longer duration of therapy IV
Vancomycin Glycopeptide Active against most gram positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria: staphylococci (including MRSA), streptococci, enterococci (but not VRE) *typically not used for strep due to side effects* "IV: only used to treat enterococcal or staphylococcal infections PO: C.diff *drug of choice for HA-MRSA*" Ototoxicity (2-14%; usually irreversible and dose/duration dependent) Nephrotoxicity (5-10%) --> risk factors: elderly, dehydration, ICU, kidney disease, concomitant nephrotoxic drugs, multiple daily dosing, high troughs, longer duration of therapy "IV, PO *IV and PO are not interchangeable*"
"Nitrofurantoin monohydrate/ macrocrystals (Macrobid)" Nitrofuran Good activity against gram negative bacteria (mostly E.coli), mostly active agaisnt gram positive bacteria (staphylococci, streptococci, E.faecalis and VRE) uncomplicated UTI GI (n/v), pulmonary toxicity (rare) *used more often due to BID dosing*
"Nitrofurantoin macrocrystals (Macrodantin)" Nitrofuran Good activity against gram negative bacteria (mostly E.coli), mostly active agaisnt gram positive bacteria (staphylococci, streptococci, E.faecalis and VRE) uncomplicated UTI GI (n/v), pulmonary toxicity (rare) *used less often due to QID dosing*
Polymixin B Polymixins "Active against most gram negative bacteria (pseudomonas, acinobacter, some enterobactericiae)" "multi-drug resistant pseudomonas and acinobacter when no alternatives are available (not used often due to adverse effects)" nephrotoxicity (20-60%, dose dependent), neurotoxicity (reversible), parasthesias, muscle weakness, peripheral neuropathy IV
Colistin (Coly-Mycin M) Polymixins "Active against most gram negative bacteria (pseudomonas, acinobacter, some enterobactericiae)" "multi-drug resistant pseudomonas and acinobacter when no alternatives are available (not used often due to adverse effects)" nephrotoxicity (20-60%, dose dependent), neurotoxicity (reversible), parasthesias, muscle weakness, peripheral neuropathy IV
Fidaxomicin n/a n/a "C.diff (one of the first line therapies for C.diff, not systemically absorbed)" n/a
Fosfomycin n/a *broad spectrum* (similar to nitrofurantoin) uncomplicated UTI n/a one time dose
Bezlotoxumab n/a MOA: monoclonal antibody that binds to toxin B produced by C.diff C.diff n/a "*does not kill C.diff directly, use in combo with a C.diff active drug*"
Amphotericin B Polyenes "Good activity against Candida spp, Aspergillus spp, Mucormycosis, Cryptococcus spp, Cocci immitis *Broad spectrum antifungal with activity against most yeasts/molds*" use largely reserved for invasive and life threatening fungal infections when no other options are available Nephrotoxicity: secondary to direct vasoconstriction of afferent renal arterioles, dose related, K and Mg wasting, saline bolus prior to each administration recommended Infusion-related: premedicate with APAP, diphenhydramine, and/or meperidine "IV ~Conventional Amp B deoxycholate: avoid b/c nephrotoxicity ~Liposomal formulations of Amp B: lower risk of nephrotoxicity *Amp B lipid complex (Abelcet) *Liposomal Amp B (Ambisome) --> less infusion reactions=nephrotoxicity
Nystatin Polyenes Candida spp. "suspension mainly used for mild moderate mucocutaneous infections caused by Candida such as thrush" n/a "Topical, Suspension *suspension commonly called ""swish and swallow""*"
Flucytosine n/a "Active against Candida spp, Crptococcus spp *MOA: causes inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis *" "part of induction/treatment for cryptococcal meningitis in combo with Amp B (rarely used for anything else, avoid monotherapy due to resistance)" "GI (N/V/D), bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity (TDM recommended to avoid toxicity) *Black Box warning: closely monitor hematologic, renal, and hepatic status*"
"Micafungin (Mycamine), Caspofunfungin (Cancidas), Anidulafungin, Rezafungin" Echinocandins Fungicidal against Candida spp (drug of choice for non-albicans species or if speciation still pending in case of invasive candida infections) mainly used to treat candida infections (generally considered interchangeable) GI, gnerally well tolerated "IV *Rezafungin is unique because it is a one time dose*"
Created by: cakedo6
 

 



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