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2.2 Honors PBS
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is mitosis? What is the end result of mitosis? | a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical "daughter" cells developing from a single "parent" cell. result is two genetically identical "daughter" cells from a single "parent" cell (diploid) |
| What is the difference between malignant and benign tumors? | Benign tumors are noncancerous, slow-growing, and do not spread to other body parts, whereas malignant tumors are cancerous, grow rapidly, and invade nearby tissues or spread throughout the body |
| What is the spreading of cancer called? | metastasis |
| How do pathologists decipher between healthy and cancer cells? | Growth patterns |
| Describe the relationship between genes, DNA, chromosomes & homologous chromosomes | DNA is a long molecule containing genetic instructions, structured into thread-like chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of matching chromosomes that carry the same genes in the same order, but often with different variations |
| What is a mutation and in what molecule does it occur | A permanent alteration or change in the nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It occurs in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule |
| What are the subunits that make up proteins | Amino acids |
| what are some functions of proteins? Why does the body need them? | They build, repair, and maintain tissues. Protein helps repair and build your body's tissues |
| What is protein synthesis? Describe how transcription and translation work | the two-step cellular process that converts genetic code from DNA into functional proteins. Transcription is copying a specific DNA segment into messenger RNA; Translation is where the mRNA code is decoded to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain |
| What are the 4 nucleotides in DNA? What are the 4 nucleotides in RNA? | Four nucleotides in DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) Four nucleotides in RNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U) |
| Where is mRNA produced? | inside the nucleus |
| Where does translation take place? What is needed for translation to occur? | occurs in the cytoplasm, specifically on ribosomes. Requires an mRNA template, ribosomes (with rRNA), tRNA, amino acids, and energy |
| What are 3 nucleotides grouped together called? | Codon |
| What do mRNA codons code for? | a particular amino acid to be added to a growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis |
| Describe how a substitution, deletion and intersection mutation occur and the possible outcomes for each of these mutations | Substitution occurs when a single nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide (A->G) Deletion occurs when one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence Insertion occurs when one or more extra nucleotides are added into the DNA sequenc |
| Summarize the relationships between DNA, RNA, and proteins | DNA serves as the permanent genetic blueprint, storing information in the nucleus. RNA (transcription) copies this code to move it to the cytoplasm, where ribosomes (translation) use it to assemble amino acids into functional proteins |
| What is the difference between a phenotype and a genotype? | Phenotype is the observable, physical expression while genotype is inherited |
| What is an allele? Give an example | An allele is a specific version or variation of a gene. ex. the gene for pea plant flower color |
| What does it mean for a trait to be dominant or recessive? | Dominant traits are expressed if an individual has at least one copy of the allele from either parent, while recessive traits only appear if two copies are inherited |
| Describe the difference between a homozygous and a heterozygous genotype | homozygous means inheriting two identical alleles, resulting in a true-breeding trait. Heterozygous means inheriting two different alleles, typically expressing the dominant trait |
| What do pedigrees show? | familial relationships (parents, siblings, offspring) and identifies individuals who express a trait or are carriers |
| What is the difference between autosome and a sex chromosome? | While autosomes are homologous, sex chromosomes can differ in size and shape |
| What do Punnett squares diagram? | predict the potential genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a specific parental cross |
| What is probability? | he mathematical measure of the likelihood that a specific event, such as inheriting a trait, producing a particular gamete, or a specific mating outcome, will occur |
| What are hormones? What do they do? | chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that travel through the bloodstream to tissues and organs. They regulate essential bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood |
| What is karyotype? | A karyotype is a laboratory-produced image or profile of an individual's complete set of chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number |
| What does meiosis produce? | four genetically unique haploid daughter cells |
| What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis? | Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid somatic cells whereas meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid gametes. Mitosis maintains the chromosome number, while meiosis halves it |
| If a karyotype shows the removal of a piece of a chromosome, what type of chromosome alteration is this? Describe the other 4 types of chromosome alterations. | deletion |
| What are gametes? How much DNA do gametes contain compared to somatic cells? | Gametes are specialized sex cells responsible for sexual reproduction. half the amount of DNA |
| What are restriction enzymes? | proteins isolated from bacteria that act as "molecular scissors," cutting DNA at specific, short nucleotide sequences |
| What is PCR? What does PCR create? | The copying of DNA, creates multiple copies of a DNA sequence |
| What are RFLP's? | Band in the gel |
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