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egypt q1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a kingdom | periods of strong centralized government - ma'at is maintained |
| what is a period | central government breaks down - ma'at is destroyed, isfet is here WATCH OUT breaks into smaller ruled lands |
| what is a dynasty | ruling lineages |
| how is time recorded in terms of a pharaoh | day 3 of the month of the harvest, year X of so and so |
| what is the importance of the Turin Cannon Papyrus | it has the complete list of kings, including the pharaohs who were not represented on the large kings list |
| what is the palermo stone | a list of kings from semi-mythical times into 5th dynasty |
| who was manetho and what did he do | he was a priest from the regn of ptolemy I-II and divided egyptians history into the 30 dynasties |
| What dynasties were in the early dynastic | 1-2 |
| what dynsaties were in the old kingdom | 3-7/8 |
| what dynasties were in the first intermediate period | 9-11 |
| what dyansties were in the middle kingdom | 11-14 |
| what dysnaties were in the second intermediate period | 15-17 |
| what dyansties were in the new kingdom | 18-20 |
| what dynasties were in the third intermediate period | 21-25 |
| what dynasties were in the late period | 26-30 |
| what was the old kingdom time also called | they pyramid age |
| characteristics of the first intermediate period | break down of central state whole series of local rulers some people recording time in reference to their own reign of power regional art styles started developing |
| characteristics of the middle kingdom | country now reunited kings are now being humanized - human but still diving, showing kings aging |
| characteristics of the secong intermediate period | time of foreign rule in egypt |
| who were they hyksos | a group from modern day izrael and gaza, took over the country, but still maintained their own individual identyty |
| charactersitics of the new kingdom | take chariot technology and use it against hyksos, formed under king ahmose, entered the imperial age, preiests begin to be powerful |
| kings of early new kingdom | thutmoside I-IV and amenhotep I-IV |
| kings of armana period | alchenaten, nefertiti, tutankamen, aye, horemheb |
| kings of ramessid period | ramesses I-II, seti I-II, merenptah, ramesses III-XI |
| what is the valley of th kings | royal buiral ground, introduction of the book of the dead |
| why does egypt become an empire | millions of dollars are flowing into egypt, trade increases |
| what are the characteristics of the third intermediate period | fragmentation and foreign rule |
| what are characteristics of the late period | salite period brought about reunification, and the persian conquest |
| kings under the greco-roman period | ptolemy I-XV and cleopatra |
| characteristics of the coptic period | christianity in egypt |
| talk about Ma'at and Isfet | order and chaos. when the nile is flooded and crops are watered, that is ma'at. when the nile runs dry or over floods, that is isfet. there is the cycle of ma'at and isfet. it is pharaohs job to maintain ma'at. seen in depictions of killing desert game |
| talk about the two lands | unificatino of upper and lower egypt - egypt lives because the two lands are united. certain resources available |
| what was papyrus used for | fuel source, bundled for boats, paper |
| what is Kmtor or Kemet | the black land. rich soul with organic material - super fertile |
| what is dšrt | the red land. the desert areas - stark difference between the flood plains and the desert areas. |
| what are the natural borders of egypt | cataracts and deserts |
| what types of data are in egypt | artifacts, architecture, art, texts, fanual and floral remains, skeletals |
| talk about architecture in egypt | first place where stone architecture is, pyramids and temples built from stone for gods or dead, mudbricks are used for domestic purposes and not built to last |
| talk about visual representations | a lot of daily life, never depicted straight on, lots of religious scenes and iconography |
| talk about inscribed material | formal inscriptions written in hieroglyphs (meant to last forever), limestone was used for recipts, messages, and little reminders. |
| what is haratic | cursive hieroglyphs |
| what is ostrakhan | sherds of limestone with writing - can be used for practice for students |
| what is graffitti written in | coptic - the greek alphanet with added egyptian phonetic soudns |
| Hattian | international language - from rulers of provinces of egypt sending letters to king translotors who were scribes who could write in various forms of cuneiform |
| what are the different types of sites | domestic, funerary, cultic, special. purpose |
| what is deir el-medina | the tomb-workers village. filled with cemeteries and temples. no one in and no one out while it is being built |
| what are some problems about studying past settlement | they are difficult to get to, buried under levels of settlements |
| what is dier e;-nahri | mortu |
| characteristics of mortuary sites | tombs - different levels and kinds, painted scenes inside tombs. predynastic tombs were pits in the ground |
| characteristics if temp;es | made to last for eternity. names of the king who built the temple are everywhere, vividly painted, used to be on islands, but are now mainlands |
| were there funerary temple | yes, luxor and seti I temple at abydos |
| differneces between egyptologist study and anthropologist study | egypt - ancient egypt is unique anthropologist - another culture to study and compare |
| eliteism vs proletariatism | egypt - study elites (eliteism) anthropologist - study commoners (proletariatism) |
| historacism vs functionalism | egypt - studying the history, reconstruction, minute changes (historicism) anthropologist - much more functional, how do differental culturla practices function within the environmnet/culture (functionalism) |
| forms of egyptian language | archaic, old egyptian, middle egyptian, late egyptian, demotic, coptic |
| forms of egyptian script | hieroglyphs, hieratic, demotic, coptic |
| hieroglyph characteristcs | sounds within the pictures, read into the faces |
| hieratic characeristics | cursive of ancient egypt, only written on perishable things for uses like daily activities and notes. learn first in schools. read right to left |
| demotic characteristic | much more abreviated that hieroglyphs and hieratic. read right to left |
| coptic characteristics | latest form of the language - greek alphabet with seven added sounds for egyptian phonetic sounds. read left to right |
| characteristics of the hieroglyphic alphabet | its phonetic with uniliteral, biliteral, and triliteral characters. |
| what are ideograms | characters that stand for the word that is showing |
| what are determinatives | purely non-phonetic sounds |
| how to egyptians write dates | according to pharaoh and how long he was in power |
| how do egyptians write names | horus names that tend to use a lot of the same words (ra, amun, ma'at) LONG LONG LONG |
| who is osiris | first born eldest son. given control of humans on earth and made king of egypt and king of the earth. his green skin represetns fertilizaation, killed by brother seth and was cut into 13 parts scattered across the nile. first mummy |
| who is isis | married to osiris, eldest daughter, begins lamentations of isis after osiris was killed. she gathered his parts together and tied him together (mummy). bring him to toth and toth and anubis perform rituals to resurrect him |
| who is seth | osiris younger brother, jealous and kills osiris to take power. |
| who is horus | son of osiris and isis - product of dead erection and kite bird (YUCK). grows up hidden from the rets of the gods so he can come to power |
| what was the contending of horis and seth | both battle to take power over egypt. this is the creation of ma'at. horus depicted spearing a croc (isfet and seth) which kills him, restoring ma'at |
| what are the depictions of the two lands | red crown for upper egypt. white crown for lower egypt. dual crown of both upper and lwoer egypt. job of the pharaoh to hold the two lands together and maintain ma'at - two crowns very iconographic |
| what periiods are in prehistoruc egypt | paleolithic, neolithic, and predynastic - it is everything up to th einvention of writing |
| Neolithic traits in egypt | shift from predation ro production. includes population increase, demographic concentration, plant and animal domestication, settled village life, new toolkits, and development of ceramic use |
| talk about the desert neolithic | the holocene wet periods (glaciers) enables habitatino in w. desert area.s - at least seasonally. not technically neolithic - based on cattle hearding and no permanent habitation. basic potter and adapted hunting technology |
| nile valley neolithic | Lots of culture - tarifian, el-omri, merimdekulture, faiyumian, badarian |
| faiyumian characteristics | pour cement over holes to beldn in with surrounding rock - left food supplies in holes; didnt want others stealing while away. stone tools include points and sickle blades, and pottery is heavily sand tempered |
| badarian culture characteristics | considered with predynastic, known from area around el-badari. both cemetery and settlement sites are known. 42 cemeteries and 46 settlement sites identified. |
| what are the main badarian sites | el-badari, mostagedda, matmar, hemamieh (hierakonpolis, el-mahâsna, wadi el-hammamat |
| badarian ceramics | black-topped red and brown wares, ripple burnished, carinated bowls |
| badarian palettes | slate, simple oval and rectangualr shapes |
| badarian bone and ivory objects | needles, pins, awls, hair combs, ornaments, and ivory vessels |
| badarian figurines | made of ivory and ceramics. depicted females and animals |
| badarian burial practices | oval and rectangualr pits in seperate cemetery area. body placed on mat with soetimes pillow. loosely contracted, single unless with child body on left side - head south and body west. some suggested two-tiered hierarchy |
| badarian trade | coral, red sea shells, turquoise from sinai, semi-precious stones from e. desert, copper |
| badarian subsistence (agriculture) | barely, wheat, lentils, tubers |
| badarian subsistence (domesticated animals) | sheep, goat, cattle |
| badarian subsistence (wild animals) | hippo, gazelle, various fish, various fowl - hunting still plays significant role |
| badarian settlements | semi-permanent to permanent. known settlements are along desert margin and most likely associated with pastoral and hinting activites. not known from flood plain - most destroyed by farming |
| Hemmamieh settlement | famous site. important for the understanding of the chronology of upper egypt |
| predynastic characteristics | defines based on the excavation of extensive cemeteries in upper egypt near naqada, ballas, hu, and el-amra |
| predynastic temrinolofy | upper egypt predynastic - naqada culture lower egypt predynastic - buto-maadi culture or maadian complex |
| what is the petrie sequence dating | based on 9 types of pottery. relative frequency of each type in a grave. he developed a 3 period chrnology |
| what was petrie 3 period chronology of pottery | amratian, gerzean, and semainian |
| Naqada I characteristics | divided into Naqada Ia, Ib, Ic. Ia-b are often lumped together. better known from cemeteries htan from settlements. highest denisty of sites from naqada-el-mahâsna |
| similarities between naqada I and Badarian | bural traditions, survival of some ripple burnishing |
| Badarian and Naqada I differences | pottery style changed, increase of human figurines, mace heads, more sophistiacted stone-working, caried artowrk, increase in bodies buried in small pits, bural in animal skin replaced by wppd pr clay coffins |
| Naqada I ceramics | black topped redware, polished redware, crosslines ware |
| Naqada I C-ware | non-geometric art, important for understanding context, vegetative motifs, limited number of nongemoetric shapes, zoomorphic motifs, beginnings of pharaonic morphology |
| Naqada I r-ware | does not occur in graves in naqada I. only known from settlements. some were made to look like black-topped redware |
| Naqada I hardstone industriy | beginning of hardstone vessel industry. palettes similar to badarian; ovals and rectangles |
| naqada I figurines | both men and women depicted, standing and seated, heavy focus on primary sexual characteristics, clay and ivory/bone, recovered from cemetery and settlements. rare in general |
| Naqada I bearded man figures | believed to be early use of beards to represent authority |
| Naqada I burial practices | oval and regtangular pits, body placed on a mat. single individual unless with child, bosy left, south, and west. increase in grace diversity and offerings. some much larger (2.5x1.8m) social categories vs social class |
| Naqada I settlements | very little known, small dispearsed settlements, houses consstrutced of wattle-and-daub, red walls, mats, and posts. on dark organic soils, small collections of huts and shelters, evidence of craft specializatoin |
| Hierakonpolis locality HK29 | house of the potter, fosilized silt, house burn down (kiln burned dow the house), site is now like fired clay |
| el-Mahâsna excavation block I | habitation phase 1B, microstratigraphy of habitation layers |
| Naqada I Subsustence (agriculture) | barely, weaht, lentils, peas, watermelon? vetch (animal feed) |
| Naqada I domesticated animals | sheep, goat, cattl,e pigs |
| Naqada I wild animals | hippo, gazelle, fish, various species of fowl (hunting is important!) |
| Naqada I politicla complexity | rise of powerful elites, evidence of ceremonies/rituals that were associated wth hunting wild animals. victorious warfare. the apperance of stone made heads in graves (shows violence and warfare). proto-kingdoms |
| what were the ceramic temper traditions for different regionss of NAqada I | el mahasna - normal temper (sand, chaff, rock) hierakonpolis - straw temper armant - shale temper naqada region - grog temper |
| c-ware motifs in naqaada I culture | hunting vs geometric/vegetative motifs (distinct regional differences) |
| what were he overall anqada I developments | diversification of products and activities, a growing sense of social identity in a given group enforced by material culture, increased introspection about status, tendency to express social identity through art, evidence for religion |
| Naqada II characteristics | subdivided into the Naqada IIa, IIb, IIc, and IId naqada IIa-b are lumped and so are IIc-d Naqada II-b talked about in junctino with Ic much better known from cemetery contexts |
| Major changes from Naqada I to II | geographical distribution, apparent move of settlments away frlm the desert towards the river, imporved technology, imporved contact and communcation with other areas, greater variatino in burials |
| Naqada II geographical distribution | expansion out of abydos to hierokonpolos to faiyum, e. delta. south |
| Naqada II ceramics | d-ware: beings in IIb, lots of boats, large females with smaller male attendents, funerary boats. wavy handled jars (w-ware): IIb |
| Naqada II elaboratino of hardstone industry | more shapes (frog vase), more colors, masters of working hardstone (use of gold), increase of status synmbols |
| Naqada II lithics | fine lithic knowves - ripple flakes and fish-tail knives. 2-meter long lithic knofe/sword. lithic animals |
| Naqada II palettes | beome more elaborate, zoomorphic forms, used for grinding pigments |
| What was copper used for in Naqada II culture | fish hooks and needles |
| what did increased contact bring NAqada II | some pottery from modern day izrael and jordan, contact with Nubia, shells from red sea coast |
| Naqada II variation in burials | more specialized and differentiated burials, larger graves, more grave goods, mroe coffins, regionallyvaried burials, different ways of organizatino the dead |
| Naqada II political complexity | rise of powerful elites, increased evidence of rituals/ceremonies, limited number of larger tombs, incrase in power items, increased evidence for the polities |
| Cemetery sites in Naqada II | cemetery U at abydos cemetery HK6 at hierakonpolis cemetery T and naqada |
| Tomb 100 | hierakonpolis in naqada IIc. images of boats. LOTS of paintings |
| what were the localaties at hierakonpolis | HK11 and HK29: settlements HK29a: early temple area HK29b: temple/administrative building HK11c. HK25, HK59: industrail zones HK6: elite cemetery |
| HK29 and HK11 | settlement areas, los of pottery on the surface of the ground, lots of petrie roughware, sebakh digging |
| what is sebakh/sebakhim digging | digging up dirt, filtering it, leaving the artifacts and using the soil for farmign |
| HK11 | special purpose settlement, meter high of microstratigraphic layers, filled with day to day habitatino debris - seeds, plants, faunla, pottery |
| HK11c | large brewing facility, brew hundreds, if not thousands of gallons of beer everyday |
| HK59 | blacktop redware pottery (believed to be protected knowledge). polished redware and blacktopped redware do not share the same firing technoqies. specialized ceramic production |
| HK29A | early temple area, pottery vessels; hes jar (ritual vessel, fake blacktopped redware), lots of foreign pottery |
| HK29B | wall trench, buildings behind walls;"hiding" gov'y buildings, importaed trees for posts, early palace type structure |
| HK6 | elite cemetery, buildings being built atop burials (super structure) |
| T23/T26 complex (HK6) | large pits surrounded by smaller ones, entire cemetery had a wall around it |
| T24 (HK6) | massive pit with the body of an elephnat, had bracelets, buried with lots of things - first funerary masks, first large stone structure |
| T16 complex (HK6) | animals out the wazoo, animals with broken bones indicating trying to escape chains. cattle, donkey, sheep/goat, dog, elephant, auroch, hartebeast, wild donkey, hippo, baboon, wild cats, swamp cat |
| el-Mahasna site | ritual ceremonies, faunal assmeblages (four limbgs of young cattle). contains a lot of fish, dorcus gazelles |
| why were the dorcus gazelles important in the mahasna site | they have a short and fixed birthing month if mid-may to mid-june. that is when the nile is at its lowerst and chaos is moving in, so the young gazelle can be seen as evidence of ritual slaughter to bring ma'at back to society |
Created by:
c-sneller