Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Cardiovascular Syste
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heart | Receives blood from the veins and pumps blood into the arteries. |
| Blood Vessels | Transport blood to and from all areas of the body. |
| Arteries | Transport blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. |
| Capillaries | Permit the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the cells. |
| Veins | Return blood from all body parts to the heart. |
| Blood | Brings oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away waste. |
| angi/o | Blood or lymph vessel. |
| aort/o | Aorta |
| arteri/o | Artery |
| ather/o | Plaque or fatty substance. |
| brady- | Slow |
| cardi/o | Heart |
| -crasia | A mixture or blending. |
| -emia | Blood or blood condition. |
| erythr/o | Red. |
| hem/o, hemat/o | Blood, relating to the blood. |
| leuk/o | White. |
| phleb/o | Vein |
| tachy- | Fast, rapid. |
| thromb/o | Clot. |
| ven/o | Vein. |
| ACE inhibitor | Blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension. |
| anemia | A lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood. |
| aneurysm | A localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery. |
| angina | A condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. |
| angioplasty | The technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel. |
| anticoagulant | Medication that slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming. |
| aplastic anemia | A condition characterized by the absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow. |
| arrhythmia | The loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. |
| atherectomy | Surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior lining of an artery. |
| atheroma | A deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall. |
| atherosclerosis | Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries. |
| atrial fibrillation | When the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall. |
| automated external defibrillator | Electronic equipment that automatically samples the heart's electrical rhythms and when necessary, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm. |
| beta-blocker | A medication that reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat. |
| blood dyscrasia | Any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood. |
| bradycardia | An abnormally slow resting heart rate. |
| cardiac arrest | An event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively. |
| cardiac catheterization | A diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or an artery and is guided into the heart. |
| cardiomyopathy | The term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle. |
| carotid endarterectomy | Surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain. |
| cholesterol | A fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body. |
| chronic venous insufficiency | A condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves. |
| coronary artery disease | Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to the heart muscle. |
| coronary thrombosis | Damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery. |
| defibrillation | The use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm; also known as cardioversion. |
| diuretic | Medication administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water. |
| electrocardiogram | A record of the electrical activity of the myocardium. |
| embolism | The sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus. |
| embolus | A foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood. |
| endocarditis | Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. |
| erythrocytes | Mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow. |
| hemoglobin | The oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythocytes. |
| hemolytic anemia | A condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of these cells by the spleen. |
| hemostasis | To stop or control bleeding. |
| leukemia | A type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood. |
| leukocytes | White blood cells that are involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances. |
| leukopenia | A decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood. |
| megaloblastic anemia | A blood disorder characterized by anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal. |
| myelodysplastic syndrome | A type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow. |
| myocardial infarction | The occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup; commonly known as a heart attack. |
| orthostatic hypotension | Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up; also known as postural hypotension. |
| pericardium | The double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart. |
| pernicious anemia | A form of anemia caused by a lack of the protein that helps the body absorb vitamin B12, which is necessary for the formation of red blood cells. |
| phlebitis | Inflammation of a vein. |
| Raynaud’s disease | A peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. |
| sepsis | A potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream. |
| sickle cell anemia | A genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape that interferes with normal blood flow. |
| tachycardia | An abnormally rapid resting heart rate. |
| temporal arteritis | A form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms. |
| thallium stress test | A diagnostic test performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise. |
| thrombocytopenia | A condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood. |
| thrombolytic | Medication that dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up; also known as a clot-busting drug. |
| thrombosis | The abnormal condition of having a thrombus. |
| thrombotic occlusion | The blocking of an artery by a thrombus. |
| thrombus | A blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or an artery. |
| transfusion reaction | A serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not match. |
| valvulitis | Inflammation of a heart valve. |
| varicose veins | Abnormally swollen veins, usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs. |
| ventricular fibrillation | The rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles. |
| ventricular tachycardia | A very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles. |
| Cardiovascular | means pertaining to the heart and blood vessels |
| Blood | a fluid tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues. returns some waste products from these tissues to the kidneys and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs. |
| parietal pericardium | a fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart. |
| Pericardial fluid | found between these two layers, where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats. |
| visceral pericardium | the inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart. When referred to as the outer layer of the heart, it is known as the epicardium |
| epicardium | the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium |
| myocardium | the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers |
| myocardial muscle | consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that creates the pumping movement necessary to maintain the flow of blood throughout the body |
| endocardium | consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart |
| coronary arteries | supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium |
| atria | the two upper chambers of the heart, and these chambers are divided by the interatrial septum |
| ventricles | the two lower chambers of the heart, and these chambers are divided by the interventricular septum. |
| tricuspid valve | controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The term tricuspid means having three cusps (points), and this describes the shape of this valve. |
| pulmonary semilunar valve | located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary means pertaining to the lungs, and semilunar means half-moon. This valve is shaped like a half-moon. |
| mitral valve | located between the left atrium and left ventricle. Mitral means shaped like a bishop’s mitre (hat). This valve is also known as the bicuspid valve because bicuspid means having two cusps (points), which describes the shape of this valve. |
| aortic semilunar valve | located between the left ventricle and the aorta |
| right atrium (RA) | receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, through the superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of the RA through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. |
| right ventricle (RV) | pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs. |
| left atrium (LA) | receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. The blood flows out of the LA, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle. |
| left ventricle (LV) | receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium. Blood flows out of the LV through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which carries it to all parts of the body, except the lungs. |
| pulmonary arteries | carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins. |
| pulmonary veins | carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. This is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood. |
| Systemic circulation | includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs. |
| heartbeat | the ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body; the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence. |
| sinoatrial node | often referred to as the SA node, is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava, establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat. For this reason, it is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart |
| SA node | natural pacemaker of the heart |
| atrioventricular node | The AV node is located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum From here, it transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His. |
| bundle of His | a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum. These fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions. These electrical impulses travel onward to the right and left ventricles and the Purkinje fibers. |
| Purkinje fibers | specialized conductive fibers located in walls of the ventricles. Relay the electrical impulses to the cells ventricles, stimulation causes ventricles to contract. contraction of the ventricles forces blood out of heart and into aorta & pulmonary arteries |
| arteries | large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body. |
| endarterial | within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery. |
| Arterial blood | is bright red in color because it is oxygen rich. The pumping action of the heart causes blood to spurt out when an artery is cut. |
| aorta | the largest blood vessel in the body. It begins from the left ventricle of the heart and forms the main trunk of the arterial system |
| carotid arteries | the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head. |
| arterioles | the smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries. As it enters one end of the capillary bed, it is here that the rate of flow of arterial blood slows. |
| Capillaries | the smallest blood vessels in the body. The capillaries form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues |
| Veins | form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart |
| Venules | the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins. |
| venae cavae | the two largest veins in the body. These are the veins that return blood into the heart |
| superior vena cava | transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart |
| inferior vena cava | transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart |
| Pulse | the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart. |
| Blood pressure | the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries |
| Systolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery. |
| Diastolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery. |
| Plasma | is a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Plasma is 91% water. The remaining 9% consists mainly of proteins, including the clotting proteins. |
| Serum | plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed. |
| Fibrinogen and prothrombin | the clotting proteins found in plasma. They have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding. |
| Angiography | a radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium |
| angiogram | a film that is used to study blood flow in the arteries, veins, and blood vessels of the heart. |
| Cardiac catheterization | a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart . a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart |
| Digital subtraction angiography | uses angiography with computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in the cardiovascular system by “subtracting” the soft tissue and bones from the images. |
| Duplex ultrasound | a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels. |
| Venography | also known as phlebography, is a radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected |
| Electrocardiography | the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium |
| electrocardiogram | a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium |
| Holter monitor | a portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24- or 48-hour period. |
| stress test | performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during/after stress. involves monitoring while they exercise on a treadmill, or is injected with a chemical to increase the patient’s heart rate if they can't use a treadmill. |
| thallium stress test | performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream. |
| antihypertensive | a medication administered to lower blood pressure. Some of these drugs are also used to treat other heart conditions. |
| ACE inhibitor | blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension. When enzyme is blocked, the blood vessels dilate, and this reduces the blood pressure. are used primarily to treat hypertension and heart failure |
| Calcium channel blocker agents | cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures. This relaxation reduces the workload of the heart by increasing the supply of blood and oxygen. |
| diuretic | administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water. These medications are administered to treat hypertension and heart failure by reducing the amount of fluid circulating in the blood. |
| antiarrhythmic | a medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat. |
| anticoagulant | slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming. Coagulation is the process of clotting blood. Note that although these medicines are sometimes referred to as blood thinners, they do not actually make the blood thinner. |
| Coumadin | brand name for warfarin, administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger. |
| Heparin | is another common anticoagulant. It works faster than Coumadin, but must be administered by injection or in an IV solution. |
| Aspirin | taken in a very small daily dose, such as 81 mg, which is commonly known as baby aspirin, may be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of the blood to clot. |
| Cholesterol-lowering drugs | used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood. |
| Digitalis | available as the drug preparation digoxin, strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues. is used to treat and prevent certain types of arrhythmias |
| thrombolytic | also known as a clot-busting drug, dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up |
| Tissue plasminogen activator | is a thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke. If administered within a few hours after symptoms begin, this medication can dissolve the damaging blood clots. |
| vasoconstrictor | causes blood vessels to narrow. Examples of these medications include antihistamines and decongestants. A vasoconstrictor is the opposite of a vasodilator. |
| vasodilator | causes blood vessels to expand. A vasodilator is the opposite of a vasoconstrictor. |
| Nitroglycerin | A vasodilator to prevent or relieve pain of angina by dilating blood vessels to the heart. Increases blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart. |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) | a device sometimes used to maintain the circulation of blood and oxygen to the body during surgery. Bypassing the heart allows surgeons the opportunity to operate on the heart without it beating. |
| Angioplasty | the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel |
| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | also known as a balloon angioplasty. This is a procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen |
| Restenosis | describes the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again |
| atherectomy | the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery. A stent may be put in place after the atherectomy to prevent the artery from becoming blocked again. |
| carotid endarterectomy | the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain. This procedure is performed to reduce the risk of a stroke caused by a disruption of the blood flow to the brain. |
| Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | is also known as bypass surgery (Figure 5.25). In this operation, which requires opening the chest, a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart. |
| minimally invasive coronary artery bypass | also known as a keyhole bypass or a buttonhole bypass, is an alternative technique for some bypass patients. This procedure is performed with the aid of a fiber-optic camera through small openings between the ribs. |
| Defibrillation | also known as cardioversion, is the use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm. This shock is provided by a device known as a defibrillator |
| automated external defibrillator (AED) | designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required. Automatically samples the electrical rhythms of the heart and, if necessary, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm. |
| artificial pacemaker | used primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, sometimes used to treat other heart conditions. This device can be attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat. |
| Cardiac ablation | also called catheter ablation, is a procedure that uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm |
| Valvuloplasty | is the surgical repair of a heart valve |
| Heart valve replacement | surgery to replace one of the heart’s four valves, usually the aortic or mitral valve. The defective valve is replaced with either a mechanical valve or one made up of animal or human tissue. |
| Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) | a minimally invasive procedure in the existing valve is left in place. A fully collapsible replacement valve is delivered to the valve site through a catheter, and after it is expanded within the defective valve, it takes over the function of the valve. |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | commonly known as CPR, is an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression. Cardiopulmonary means pertaining to the heart and lungs. |
| Compression-only resuscitation | can be effective in keeping a patient suffering from cardiac arrest alive until professional responders arrive, although artificial respiration is still recommended for children, drowning victims, and drug overdoses. |
| aneurysmectomy | the surgical removal of an aneurysm |
| aneurysmorrhaphy | also known as aneurysmoplasty, is the surgical suturing of an aneurysm |
| Aneurysm clipping | surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck. This titanium clip, which remains permanently in place, prevents blood from flowing into the aneurysm. |
| arteriectomy | the surgical removal of part of an artery |
| Plasmapheresis | also known as plasma exchange, is the removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements. The red blood cells and platelets are suspended in saline or a plasma substitute and returned to the circulatory system. |
| A-fib | atrial fibrillation |
| AED | automated external defibrillator |
| ICD | implantable cardioverter–defibrillator |
| Card cath, CC | cardiac catheterization |
| CVI | chronic venous insufficiency |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
| CAD | coronary artery disease |
| EKG, ECG | electrocardiogram |
| HTN | hypertension |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| PAD | peripheral artery disease |
| PVD | peripheral vascular disease |
| TST | thallium stress test |
| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator |
| V-fib | ventricular fibrillation |
Created by:
user-2025477