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PHIL 2306 Midterm
Units 1-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ethics is best defined as | The study of how we ought to live |
| Which of the following is an example of a meta-ethical question | Are there objective moral truths? |
| Applied ethics differs from normative ethics because applied ethics | Asks narrower questions about specific moral issues |
| Ethics is a descriptive discipline that studies how cultures actually behave (true or false) | False |
| Normative ethics asks what moral rules or principles we should accept (true or false) | True |
| The moral objectivist must believe that they know all the moral truths (true or false) | False |
| The moral relativist believes that there are no objective moral truths (true or false) | True |
| The purpose of the thought experiment known as "the Ring of Gyges" is to make us reflect on the philosophical question | Why be moral |
| The moral objectivist holds that every culture has the same moral code (true or false) | False |
| Cultural relativism about morality is the view that | Moral truth corresponds to nothing more than a society's moral code. Since different societies have different moral codes, moral truth varies from one society to another. |
| Descriptive cultural relativism | The descriptive thesis that different cultures have different social norms, perhaps including different moral codes. |
| Normative cultural relativism | The thesis that what is morally right and morally wrong for a person to do is determined by the social norms of their culture |
| Moral objectivism | The thesis that we should be tolerant of other ways of life |
| Moral liberalism | The thesis that we should be tolerant of other ways of life |
| Vulgar relativism (aka pseudo-relativism) | The view that because morality is culturally relative, it would be wrong for to criticize the practices of another culture. |
| Meta-ethics | The study of the status or nature of ethics |
| Normative ethics (aka, "moral theory" or "ethical theory") | The study of the moral principles that should govern our behavior |
| Applied ethics | The study of ethics as applied to particular real-world issues |
| Ethics | The area of philosophy that studies how we should live |
| The moral objectivist holds that every culture has the same moral code (true or false) | True |
| Cultural relativism about morality is the view that | Moral truth corresponds to nothing more than a society's moral code. Since different societies have different moral codes, moral truth varies from one society to another. |
| Which of the following is a "path", or argument given in favor of, individual subjectivism about morality? | There is widespread disagreement about moral matters |
| A person who holds that there are universal moral truths must also hold that morality is not subjective (true or false) | False |
| Error Theory is the view that | All moral judgments are necessarily false because there are no such things as moral properties. |
| Which of the following best describes the DIFFERENCE between individual subjectivism and universal subjectivism | Individual subjectivism holds that morality is relative to each individual, while universal subjectivism holds that there are universal moral truths. |
| Which of the following is the best statement of expressivism? | Our moral language is a tool for expressing our approval or disapproval of things. |
| The difference between psychological egoism and ethical egoism is that | Psychological egoism seeks to describes HOW we behave, while ethical egoism seeks to explain how we OUGHT to behave. |
| What is J.L. Mackle's "Argument from Queerness" | An argument that objective moral properties would be a very weird sort of thing |
| Which of the following is the best statement of expressivism | Our moral language is a tool for expressing our approval or disapproval of things. |
| The moral relativist believes that there are no objective moral truths (true or false) | True |
| Which of the following was the moral theory St. Thomas Aquinas defended | Natural Law Theory |
| According to Natural Law Theory, when is an action right | If it is in accordance with God's purpose. |
| Euthyphro's second definition of piety was "Piety is whatever is dear to the gods". What was the problem with this definition? | The gods disagree, so something could be both pious and impious, but that's a contradiction. |
| According to the epistemic objection to Divine Command Theory | It is hard to know what God commands of us, so Divine Command Theory does not help us know what we should do. |
| According to Divine Command Theory, the statement that “stealing is wrong” means | God commands us not to steal |
| Identify the Euthyphro objection to the Divine Command Theory | Is the right action right because God commands it, or does God command it because it's right |
| According to Thomas Hobbes, life in the state of nature will dissolve into war against all (true or false) | True |
| According to the social contract theory | Morality is a system of rules that promotes social stability |
| A difference between the state of nature and the original position is that | Unlike the state of nature, the original position is a situation that is fair. |
| The idea of procedural justice is that | In certain situations, a just procedure produces a just outcome |
| According to Thomas Hobbes, what would life without a government be like? | With no government to enforce laws, life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. |
| People under the veil of ignorance lack basic information about themselves, except for their religion (true or false) | False |
| Both the state of nature and the original position are hypothetical “starting points” of society (true or false) | True |
| According to Thomas Hobbes, in order to exit the state of nature, we need | A common power to enforce the laws and ensure stability |
| According to Divine Command Theory, the statement "stealing is wrong" means | God commands us not to steal. |
| Euthyphro's second definition of piety was "Piety is whatever is dear to the gods". What was the problem with this definition? | The gods disagree, so something could be both pious and impious, but that's a contradiction. |
| The early utilitarians were known as "philosophical radicals (true or false) | True |
| The principle of utility directs a person to maximize their own happiness (true or false) | False |
| A consequentialist moral theory tells us that | We should maximize intrinsic value |
| The utilitarian thinks that everybody's happiness counts equally (true or false) | True |
| Philosophical hedonism is the theory that | Happiness is the only thing that is intrinsically valuable |
| To say that X is of intrinsic value is to say | X is worth valuing for its own sake |
| Utilitarianism is a non-consequentialist moral theory (true or false) | False |
| What is the main difference between Mill's version of utilitarianism and the version defended by Bentham? | Bentham measures pleasure in purely quantitative terms, while Mill also recognizes a qualitative measure. |
| Plato, What Is the Value of Justice | That even the most just would act unjustly given the opportunity |
| The idea of profitable Justice | Is that in certain situations, a just procedure poduces a just outcome |
| Deontology is best described as which of the following? | A theory that evaluates actions based on duties and obligations |
| The “angry mob” example is meant to show that consequentialism can sometimes | Require punishing innocent people |
| According to deontology, an action is morally right if | It is done in accordance with one’s duty |
| For Kant, the only thing with intrinsic moral value is | Good will |
| An action has “moral worth” only when it is | Done from duty |
| The Prudent Shopkeeper’s actions lack moral worth because he | Acts from self-interest rather than duty |
| What is the key difference between acting from inclination and acting from duty | Inclination is based on desire; duty is based on reason |
| A hypothetical imperative has which structure | “If you want X, then you must do Y.” |
| Moral duties are categorical imperatives because they | Apply universally and necessarily |
| According to Kant, treating someone as a “mere means” involves | Using them without regard for their consent or rational agency |
| According to virtue ethics, an action is right if | It is what a virtuous person would do |
| The “axe murderer at the door” example is meant to challenge | Deontology |
| Virtue ethics is a form of consequentialism (true or false) | False |
| In virtue ethics, things have intrinsic value insofar as they | Are constituents of the good life |
| One challenge to deontology is the idea that it may not always be wrong to lie (true or false) | True |
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Katy3648