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Ch 10 Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor |
| Acetylcholine | Released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscle action |
| Dopamine | Released within the brain. Believed to be involved in mood and thought disorders |
| Endorphins | Naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to to help relieve pain |
| Norepinephrine | Affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, and releasing stores of glucose in response to stress |
| Serotonin | Released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition |
| Myelin Sheath | The protective covering made up of glial cells. Forms the white matter of the brain and covers some parts of the spinal cord and the axon of most peripheral nerves |
| White matter | Portion of the nerve fibers that are myelinated |
| Gray matter | Portion of the nerve fibers that are unmyelinated |
| Meninges | The system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | Produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum |
| Cerebrum | The largest and upper-most portion of the brain |
| Cerebral cortex | Made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures |
| Thalamus | Located below the cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and sense organs of the body |
| Hypothalamus | Located below the thalamus, seven major regulatory functions |
| Cerebellum | The second largest part of the brain. Receives incoming messages regarding movements within joints, muscle tone, positions of the body |
| Brainstem | Stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. Connects brain to spinal cord |
| Frontal Lobe | Controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior |
| Parietal Lobe | Receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles |
| Occipital Lobe | Controls eyesight |
| Temporal Lobe | Controls the senses of hearing, smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information |
| Midbrain and Pons | Provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain Control reflexes for movements of the eyes and head in the response to visual and auditory stimuli |
| Medulla Oblongata | Controls basic survival functions, including the muscles that make respiration possible, HR, and BP Causes reflexes for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting |
| The Peripheral Nervous System | Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| Anesthesiologist | A physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery an=without esthesi=feeling ologist=specialist |
| Anesthetist | A medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physician |
| Neurologist | A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system |
| Neurosurgeon | A physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system |
| Psychiatrist | A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness |
| Psychologist | Has a doctoral degree(PhD or PsyD), but is not a medical doctor(MD) |
| Hydrocephalus | A condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain hydro=water cephal=head |
| Reye's Syndrome | A potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion Sometimes follows an illness where a child was treated with aspirin DO NOT GIVE SMALL CHILDREN ASPIRIN!!! |
| Tourette's Syndrome | A complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive ulteraness that sometimes include obseenities |
| Tetanus(Lock Jaw) | An acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria |
| Alzheimer's Disease | A group of disorders involving the parts of the Brian that control thought, memory, and language |
| Amnesia | A memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences Caused by brain injury, illness, or a psychological disturbance |
| Cerebral Contusion | The bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull |
| Contrecoup | An injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite of the area of impact |
| Shaken Baby Syndrome | The result of a child being violently shaken by someone |
| Lethargy | Lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy Apathy=indifference/reduced level of activity |
| Syncope ("fainting") | Brief loss of consciousness caused by decreased flow of blood to the brain |
| Coma | A deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and lack of speech |
| Malignant Brain Tumors | Destroys brain tissue |
| Benign Brain Tumors | Does not invade the brain tissue. It damages the brain tissue by pressing onto it as the tumor grows |
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