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Stack #4642728
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Critical conceptions | the conception of deviance that critiques the existing social system that creates norms of oppression. |
| Normative conception | the conception of deviance that assumes there is a general set of norms of behavior, conduct, and conditions on which all individuals can agree. |
| Pathologizing | a deficit or problem-based approach to deviance that focuses on the individual as medically or psychologically abnormal. |
| Scientific method | analysis and implementation of a rigorous, replicable, and objective strategy to gain information about our world. |
| Sociological imagination | the ability to see the link between our personal lives and experiences and our social world. |
| Physical deviance | generally thought to be of two types: (1) violating norms of what people are expected to look like and (2) physical incapacity or disability |
| Positive deviance | generally thought to be of two types: (1) violating norms of what people are expected to look like and (2) physical incapacity or disability |
| Stigma | a mark of deviance or disgrace; a negative label or perceived deviance often leads to stigma that may then reduce an individual’s life chances |
| Subcultures | a mark of deviance or disgrace; a negative label or perceived deviance often leads to stigma that may then reduce an individual’s life chances |
| Quasi-experimental design | whereas experimental designs generally require random assignment to a treatment or control condition, quasi-experiments usually relax this requirement. |
| Anomie | a state of normlessness where society fails to effectively regulate the expectations or behaviors of its members |
| Conflict subcultures | from Cloward and Ohlin’s theory—conflict subcultures develop in disorganized neighborhoods where young people are deprived of both conventional and illegitimate opportunities; frustration and violence are defining characteristics. |
| Criminal subcultures | from Cloward and Ohlin’s theory—criminal subcultures develop in poor neighborhoods where there is some level of organized crime and illegitimate opportunity for young people growing up in the area. |
| General strain theory | Robert Agnew’s version of strain theory; suggests that strain at the individual level may result from the failure to achieve valued goals and also from the presence of negative relations or stimuli. |
| institutional anomie theory | from Messner and Rosenfeld—argues that the major institutions in the United States, including the family, school, and political system, are all dominated by economic institutions; the exaggerated emphasis on monetary success leads to crime and deviance. |
| Relative deprivation | perspective suggesting that socioeconomic inequality has a direct effect on community crime rates. |
| Retreatist subcultures | from Cloward and Ohlin’s theory; similar to Merton’s adaptation of retreatism, a subculture revolving around drug use, drug culture, and relative isolation from the larger society |
| Status frustration | a concept from Albert Cohen, suggesting the strain that working-class boys feel when measured against middle-class standards they have trouble meeting. |
| Structural impediments | obstacles on the road to conforming success—for example, lack of education, poor access to legitimate careers, and so on |
| Cross-sectional designs | a model of urban cities, generally consisting of and moving out from the central business district, the zone in transition, the zone of the working class, the residential zone, and the commuter zone. |
| Social cohesion | neighborhoods characterized by positive social interaction, trust, and a sense of community. |
| Social disorder | conditions of some neighborhoods with high levels of, for example, unmonitored youth misbehaving, drug dealers, people openly and illegally using alcohol or other drugs, and fighting. |
| Differential association | social interactions with deviant as opposed to conventional others |
| Differential location in the social structure | social and demographic characteristics of individuals that define or influence their position or role in the larger social structure (e.g., age, sex, and socioeconomic status) |
| Differential reinforcement | social and demographic characteristics of individuals that define or influence their position or role in the larger social structure (e.g., age, sex, and socioeconomic status) |
| Social structure | organization of society, often hierarchical, that affects how and why people interact and the outcomes of those interactions |
| Theoretically defined structural variables | measures based on social theories of deviance such as anomie or strain, social disorganization, or patriarchy, among others. |
Created by:
Annie321