Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Q3 Quiz Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| lipid | is a major part of the CELL MEMBRANE and is involved in protecting the cell and helps to regulate what passes in/out of the cell |
| lipid | functions include storing LONG TERM energy |
| protein | repair and build body muscle; required for the structure |
| protein | ex: enzymes that control the rate of reactions |
| carbohydrate | provides rigid cell wall made of cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungus) |
| nucleic acid | store and transfer genetic information |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Synthesizes fats |
| carbohydrate | Used or consumed during cellular respiration |
| nucleic acid | In eukaryotes, held within the nuclear membrane |
| nucleic acid | examples: DNA & RNA |
| ribosomes | embedded in the rough ER or free floating, make proteins |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | Near the nucleus in eukaryotes, this organelle makes and packages proteins |
| lipid | made in smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| carbohydrate | produced during photosynthesis, glucose |
| protein | made of amino acids |
| lysosomes | MBO, filled with enzymes that breakdown waste |
| Photosynthesis | Conversion of RADIANT energy into CHEMICAL energy. |
| Cellular Respiration | Conversion of CHEMICAL energy to CHEMICAL energy |
| Glucose | Chemical energy, product of photosynthesis, also known as SUGAR |
| ATP | Chemical ENERGY made during cell respiration |
| Reactants | elements or compounds that we START with to create products |
| Products | elements or compounds that are made/ created from reactants |
| Mitochondria | organelle found in eukaryotes that uses glucose to make ATP |
| Chloroplast | organelle found in autotrophic eukaryotes (Plants/some Protist) that makes glucose |
| Products of photosynthesis | oxygen and glucose (sugar) |
| Products of cellular respiration | carbon dioxide, water, and ATP |
| Non-membrane bound organelles | have NO membrane Ex: ribosomes |
| Membrane- bound organelles | have a membrane Ex: nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuole |
| Prokaryotic cells | Small, simple, always unicellular, loop DNA, NO Nucleus and NO membrane bound organelles |
| Eukaryotic cells | Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and linear DNA. Can be unicellular or multicellular. |
| Flagella | tail-like structure that helps cells move around, can be present on BOTH PRO and EUK |
| Cilia | hair-like structure that helps cells move around, can be present on EUK only |
| Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) | maintains homeostasis by allowing molecules in and out of the cell (semipermeable), in BOTH PRO and EUK |
| Cell wall | Provides extra protection and support, Can be found in BOTH:-PRO: some bacteria-EUK: plants and some protists |
| Cytoplasm | Gel like material where reactions occur, in BOTH PRO and EUK |
| Ribosome | Where proteins are made, the only non-membrane bound organelle, in BOTH PRO and EUK |
| Nucleus | hold the DNA (genetic material), EUK cells ONLY |
| Vacuole | store water and some waste, larger in plants, EUK cells ONLY |
| Base pairing | Rule that states A pairs with T and C pairs with G |
| Template strand | Single DNA strand that serves as a guide for making the matching or complementary DNA strand |
| Deoxyribose | Pentose (5-carbon) sugar that helps make up the backbones of DNA |
| DNA replication | Process of copying DNA to create identical strands, occurs in Interphase (S phase) |
| Complementary strand | New strand of DNA created during replication that matches the original strand of DNA |
| Nucleotide | Monomer (subunit) of DNA that consists of a phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base |
| Nitrogen bases | Held together by hydrogen bonds to make up the "rungs" or steps of a double helix (include: A, T, G, and C) |
| S phase | Part of interphase when DNA is replicated or synthesized |
| Cell cycle | Series of events that cells undergo to make repairs or allow an organism to grow |
| G1 phase | First stage of interphase in which the cell grows and performs its normal functions |
| G2 phase | Stage of interphase in which cell doubles its organelles and proofreads and fixes the DNA if mistakes are found |
| M phase | Cell Division |
| G0 phase | A nondividing/ resting phase in which a cell has left the cell cycle. |
| Interphase | Cell grows, performs its normal functions, replicates DNA and prepares for nuclear division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases |
| Somatic cells | Body cells, make up most of your body tissues and organs |
| End product of the cell cycle | Two IDENTICAL somatic (body) daughter cells |
| Cell cycle phases in order | IMC - Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (PMAT), Cytokinesis |
| Cancer | Abnormal and uncontrolled cell division when cells skip G0 |
| Checkpoints | Process that checks the cell before it divides, preventing errors from being passed to new cells |
| Mitosis | Nuclear division, includes PMAT |
| Enzyme | A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing |
| Substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
| Active site | Region of an enzyme that binds to the substrate |
| Optimal | Best, most desirable or favorable |
| Inhibitor | A substance that slows down or stops a chemical reaction by impacting the active site |
| Denature | Enzyme loses function due to a change in its shape, caused by changes in temperature or pH |
| Catalyze | To speed up a reaction |
| Products | The substance made at the end of a reaction, either were broken apart or combined together |
| Specificity | Enzymes are a specific shape to fit their substrate (Lock and Key) |
| Activation energy | Energy needed for a reaction to occur |
| Lysosomes | Contain catalytic enzymes that break down cellular waste |
| Ribosomes | Non-membrane bound organelles that produce enzymes (protein) |
| DNA | Provides the original instructions for making proteins/traits, contains deoxyribose sugar and has Thymine as a base |
| RNA | Single stranded nucleic acid with a ribose sugar, and has Uracil as a base |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome |
| Transcription | Process by which mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template, occurs in the nucleus of Euk cells |
| Translation | Process by which mRNA is read and an amino acid chain/protein is produced, occurs at the ribosome |
| Nucleus | Site of transcription |
| Ribosome | Site of translation |
| Codon | Three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid |
| Amino Acid | Monomer of protein, link together in a chain to form proteins/traits |
| Trait | Specific characteristic of an individual determined by their genes. |
| Protein Synthesis | Process of creating proteins through the steps of transcription and translation |
| Gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
| Gene Expression | Process of using a gene's instructions to create a protein. Sections of DNA are turned "on" to produce either an RNA molecule or a protein. |
| Cell Specialization/ Differentiation | Process in which cells develop in different ways, through gene expression, to perform different tasks |
| Environmental factors | External factors can change or influence what genes are expressed (and which genes are not) in an organism. |
| gametic cells/ gametes | sex cells-sperm and egg OR pollen and ovule |
| fertilization | involves two parents to produce a zygote. Example in animal reproduction is fusion of sperm and egg |
| homologous chromosomes | paired chromosomes containing the same trait with different variations |
| crossing over | parts of homologous chromosomes exchange information and leads to genetic variation (diversity) |
| diploid | 2 sets of chromosomes represented by 2N found in somatic cells |
| haploid | 1 set of chromosomes represented by 1N or N found in gamete cells |
| somatic cells | body cells |
| meiosis | process of reduction division in which the chromosome number is cut in half through 2 cell divisions |
| Result of Meiosis | 4 genetically different haploid cells |
| independent assortment | chromosomes are sorted randomly into daughter cells creating new combinations |
| zygote | a fertilized egg, contains a full set of chromosomes (2n) |
| Genetics | The scientific study of heredity or inheritance |
| Hereditary | Passing of gene/traits from parents to offspring |
| Trait | Specific characteristic that is controlled by genes |
| Gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
| Allele | The different forms of a gene; could be dominant or recessive |
| Phenotype | An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. |
| Genotype | Letters that represent two alleles of a gene, AA, Aa, or aa |
| Dominant | An allele that is always expressed, represented by a CAPITAL letter, A |
| Recessive | An allele that is hidden when a dominant allele is present; Need two LOWERCASE letters to be expressed, aa |
| Homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a gene/trait, AA or aa |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a gene/trait, Aa |
| Homozygous dominant | Both alleles for a trait are the same and dominant, AA |
| Homozygous recessive | Both alleles for a trait are the same and recessive, aa |
| Pedigree | A diagram similar to a family tree that maps the inheritance of traits |
| Carrier | A person who does not have the trait but is able to have children with the trait (sometimes shown as half shaded on pedigrees) |
| Incomplete Dominance | Neither allele for a trait is fully dominant, resulting in a heterozygous phenotype that is a mixture of the two parent's traits, like pink flowers from red and white parents |
| Codominance | Two alleles are equally dominant, resulting in a new phenotype that expresses both traits. Ex. Black feathers (BB), White feathers (WW) and speckled feathers (black and white- BW) |
| Dihybrid | A cross between two traits, Genotype has 4 letters. Ex. Seed color and Shape = YyRr = Yellow and Round |
| Multiple Alleles | When 3 or more alleles are present, resulting in some alleles being dominant, codominant, and/or recessive. Ex. blood types |
| Blood Type A Genotypes | AA (homozygous dominant), Ao (Heterozygous) |
| Blood Type B Genotypes | BB (homozygous dominant), Bo (Heterozygous) |
| Blood Type AB Genotype | AB |
| Blood Type O Genotype | oo (homozygous recessive) |
| Sex-linked traits | Traits that are controlled by genes found on the X or Y chromosome. XX = Female XY= Male |
| Natural Selection | Individuals with the best inherited traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate, causing those traits to be more common in future generations. (Also called Survival of the Fittest.) |
| Adaptation | An inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of surviving and reproducing |
| Fitness | How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment. |
| Heredity | Passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| Variation | Any difference between individuals of the same species. |
| Competition | The struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources. |
| Population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. |
| Survival of the Fittest | Process of the most fit organisms surviving and passing down their genes at a higher rate. (Also called Natural Selection.) |
| Gene Flow (migration) | Movement of alleles from one population to another |
| Genetic Drift | A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance |
| Artificial Selection | selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring |
| Sexual Selection (non-random mating) | The selection of mates based on heritable traits |
| Mutation | A change in a gene or chromosome that increases variation in a population |
| Integumentary System | SKIN, hair, sweat glands, oil glands; keeps germs and foreign particles out of your body and regulates body temperature |
| Excretory System | Bladder, Kidneys; removes waste from your body (urine and sweat) |
| Nervous System | Brain, spinal cord, nerves; helps you feel/sense, think, move, and contract |
| Endocrine System | Glands secrete HORMONES that travel around your body to regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use. |
| Reproductive System | Helps the body achieve and maintain pregnancy to create offspring. (Uterus & ovaries in females, Penis & testes in males) |
| Circulatory System | Heart, blood vessels; a highway system that TRANSPORTS oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and WHITE blood cells around the body |
| Muscular System | Muscles (skeletal) for movement of the body, cardiac muscle to help the heart pump, and smooth muscle on internal organs |
| Respiratory System | LUNGS, trachea, nose, throat; lets the body breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide (GAS EXCHANGE) |
| Digestive System | Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines; helps the body take in and break down food into smaller NUTRIENTS to be ABSORBED. |
| Skeletal System | Bones, bone marrow, cartilage, ligaments; Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to move your body. |
| Immune System | WHITE BLOOD CELLS, antibodies, lymph nodes; recognizes and attacks foreign substances in the body like bacteria, viruses, or allergens |
| Homeostasis | To maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body, such as blood glucose (sugar) levels or body temperature |
| Enzymes | Lowers the activation energy required to break down large molecules into monomers more quickly in the digestion process |
Created by:
user-1813455