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ch 17 anatomy digest
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Alimentary canal | the tubular portion of the digestive tract that leads from mouth to the anus |
| Peristalsis | rhythmic waves of muscular contraction in the walls of certain tubular organs |
| Papillae | tiny, nipple like projection |
| Palate | the roof of the mouth |
| Uvula | a fleshy portion of the soft palate that hangs down above the root of the tongue |
| Deciduous teeth | teeth that are shed and replaced by permanent teeth |
| Incisors | one of the front teeth that is adapted for cutting food |
| Cuspids | a canine tooth |
| Molars | a rear tooth with a flattened surface adapted for grinding food |
| Dentin | bone like substance that forms the bulk of a tooth |
| Gingivitis | the earliest, reversible stage of gum disease, characterized by red, swollen, and bleeding gums caused by bacterial plaque buildup |
| Amylase | an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch |
| Mucus | fluid secretion of the mucous cell |
| Submandibular gland | paired major salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth, responsible for producing 60–70% of resting saliva |
| Sublingual glands | the smallest of the three major paired salivary glands, located in the anterior floor of the mouth beneath the mucous membrane and tongue |
| Pharynx | portion of the digestive tube between the mouth and the esophagus |
| Deglutition | process of swallowing, moving food/liquid from the mouth to the stomach while protecting the airway |
| Chyme | semifluid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine |
| Bolus | a small rounded mass of a substance, especially of chewed food at the moment of swallowing. |
| Rugae | thick folds in the inner wall of the stomach that disappear when the stomach is distended |
| Goblet cell | an epithelial cell that is specialized to secrete mucus |
| Chief cells | cell of gastric gland that secretes various digestive enzymes, including pepsinogen |
| Parietal cells | cell of a gastric gland that secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor |
| Nucleases | an enzyme that catalyzes decomposition of nucleic acids |
| Bile | fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallblader |
| Esophagus | tubular portion of the digestive tract that leads from the pharynx to the stomach |
| Stomach | digestive organ between the esophagus and the small intestine |
| Pancreas | glandular organ in the abdominal cavity that secretes hormones and digestive enzymes |
| Liver | a large, dark red organ in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side that detoxifies blood, stores glycogen and fat-soluble vitamins, and synthesizes proteins |
| Gallbladder | saclike organ associated with liver that stores and concentrates bile |
| Emulsification | breaking up of fat globules into smaller droplets by the action of bile salts |
| Small intestine | mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice, final enzymatic breakdown of food molecules, main site of nutrient absoprtion. |
| Duodenum | the first, shortest, and widest section of the small intestine located between the stomach's pylorus and the jejunum |
| Mesentery | a fold of the peritoneum which attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen. |
| Appendix | a small, tubular appendage of lymphatic tissue that extends outward from the cecum of the large intestine |
| Greater omentum | large, fatty, apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum hanging from the stomach's greater curvature over the intestines, adhers to sites of inflammation and infection, while storing fat, protecting abdominal organs, and facilitating tissue repair. |
| Intestinal villi | tiny, finger-like projections lining the small intestine that vastly increase surface area for nutrient absorption |
| Plicae circulares | large, permanent, crescentic folds of the mucosa and submucosa in the small intestine, primarily found in the jejunum and lower duodenum. |
| Malabsorption | failure to absorb nutrients following digestion |
| Segmentation | the division of an organism's body or specific organs into repetitive, distinct, or functional units (segments) along a longitudinal axis |
| Large intestine | absorbs water and electrolytes to create feces |
| Haustra | pouches in wall of large intestine |
| Intestinal flora | Bacteria and other organisms that live inside the intestines. They help digest food. Vitamins such as biotin and vitamin K are made by intestinal flora |
| Flatus | gas in or from the stomach or intestines, produced by swallowing air or by bacterial fermentation |
| Feces | material expelled from digestive track during defecation |
| Cirrhosis | advanced, often irreversible scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by long-term damage, most commonly from chronic alcohol abuse, hepatitis B/C, or fatty liver disease |
| Diverticulitis | Diverticulitis is a painful condition where small pouches in the colon lining (diverticula) become inflamed or infected |
| Dysentery | an infectious intestinal disease causing severe, bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever, commonly caused by Shigella bacteria or Entamoeba histolytica parasites |
| Enteritis | Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine, commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections |
| gastrectomy | the surgical removal of part (partial) or all (total) of the stomach, typically treating cancer, severe ulcers, or obesity |
Created by:
alyssapatt10