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Russian revolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What economic reforms began in Russia in the 1890s? | Russia began industrial reforms to build factories and modern industry |
| How did the Czar finance industrial growth in the 1890s? | He sought foreign investors and raised taxes |
| What major industry expanded rapidly during Russian industrialization? | The steel industry |
| How significant was Russian steel production? | Russia became the fourth largest producer of steel |
| What major railway project began in 1891? | The Trans-Siberian Railway |
| When was the Trans-Siberian Railway built? | 1891-1916 |
| Why was the Trans-Siberian Railway important? | It connected European Russia to the Pacific coast and increased movement of goods and people |
| What effect did the Trans-Siberian Railway have on Russia? | It increased economic activity and connected many ethnic groups |
| What economic system did Karl Marx support? | Marxism |
| Marxism definition | The belief that workers should overthrow capitalism and create a classless society |
| Who followed the ideas of Karl Marx in Russia? | Marxists |
| What political split happened among Russian Marxists in 1903? | They split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks |
| What was the main difference between Mensheviks and Bolsheviks? | Bolsheviks wanted a small revolutionary party while Mensheviks wanted a larger democratic movement |
| What is an autocracy? | A government where one ruler has absolute power |
| What type of government did Russia have under the czars? | Autocracy |
| Who ruled Russia before the revolution? | Czar Nicholas II |
| What was the Duma? | Russia's legislative assembly or parliament |
| Why did the Czar create the Duma? | To calm protests after the 1905 revolution |
| What is a pogrom? | A violent attack against a specific ethnic group, especially Jews |
| What policy tried to force minorities to adopt Russian culture? | Russification |
| Russification definition | A policy forcing non-Russians to adopt Russian language and culture |
| What were the main causes of the Russian Revolution? | Widespread discontent, weak leadership, WWI and other war losses, strikes, and revolutionary agitation |
| What war weakened Russia before the revolution? | The Russo-Japanese War |
| When did the Russo-Japanese War occur? | 1904-1905 |
| What event in 1905 shocked the Russian population? | Bloody Sunday |
| What happened on Bloody Sunday? | Working class were shot by soldiers in St. Petersburg for requesting better working conditions, but later Nicholas reluctantly promised more freedom |
| Why did Bloody Sunday increase anger toward the czar? | It showed the government would violently suppress its people |
| What war made conditions worse before the revolution? | World War I |
| How did World War I affect Russia? | Massive casualties, food shortages, and economic collapse |
| Who was Rasputin? | A self-proclaimed holy man who influenced the royal family |
| Why did Czarina Alexandra trust Rasputin? | She believed he helped her son Alexis |
| What illness did Alexis suffer from? | Hemophilia |
| Why did Russian nobles hate Rasputin? | He had too much political influence |
| What eventually happened to Rasputin? | He was murdered by nobles |
| What was the March Revolution? | A popular uprising by women and supported by soldiers because of the shortage of fuel and bread that forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate. A provisional government is set and Kerenskis established. |
| When did the March Revolution occur? | March 1917 |
| Where did the March Revolution begin? | Petrograd |
| Who started the March Revolution protests? | Women textile workers |
| What problems triggered the March Revolution? | Bread shortages and fuel shortages |
| Why did the army become important during the March Revolution? | Soldiers joined the protesters instead of supporting the czar |
| What happened to Czar Nicholas II in 1917? | He abdicated the throne |
| Who replaced the czar after his abdication? | A provisional government |
| Who led the provisional government? | Alexander Kerensky |
| What promise did Kerensky make that hurt his support? | He promised to continue fighting in World War I |
| What were Soviets? | Local councils of workers, soldiers, and peasants |
| Why were Soviets powerful? | They represented workers and soldiers and challenged the provisional government |
| Who led the Bolsheviks? | Vladimir Lenin |
| What was the Bolshevik Revolution? | A communist takeover of the Russian government |
| When did the Bolshevik Revolution happen? | October 1917 |
| What slogan helped Lenin gain support? | Peace Land and Bread |
| What did Lenin promise peasants? | Land |
| What did Lenin promise workers? | Better conditions and food |
| What happened in November 1917 during the revolution? | Bolsheviks seized government offices |
| What happened to Kerensky? | He lost power and fled |
| What did Lenin do with farmland after taking power? | He ordered it given to peasants |
| What treaty ended Russia's participation in World War I? | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk |
| When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed? | 1918 |
| What did Russia lose in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? | Large territories to Germany |
| Why were many Russians angry about the treaty? | Russia lost large amounts of land |
| What major conflict followed the Bolshevik Revolution? | The Russian Civil War |
| When did the Russian Civil War occur? | 1918-1920 |
| Who made up the Red Army? | Bolsheviks |
| Who led the Red Army? | Leon Trotsky |
| Who made up the White Army? | Opponents of the Bolsheviks |
| Which countries helped the White Army? | The United States and other western nations |
| Who won the Russian Civil War? | The Bolsheviks |
| How many Russians died during the civil war and famine? | About 14 million |
| What economic policy did Lenin create to rebuild Russia? | The New Economic Policy |
| What did the NEP allow? | Some limited capitalism |
| What was the purpose of the NEP? | To restore the economy after war and famine |
| By what year did Russian production recover to pre-WWI levels? | 1928 |
| What country name did Lenin create in 1922? | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
| USSR definition | A communist nation formed from Russia and surrounding republics |
| What political party ruled the USSR? | The Communist Party |
| Where did the Communist Party name come from? | The writings of Karl Marx |
| What happened to Lenin in 1922? | He suffered a stroke |
| When did Lenin die? | 1924 |
| Who eventually gained power after Lenin's death? | Joseph Stalin |
| How did Stalin gain power? | He placed supporters in key government positions |
| Who were the kulaks? | Wealthier peasants who owned land |
| Why were kulaks targeted by the Soviet government? | They were seen as enemies of communism |
| What is a command economy? | An economic system where the government controls production and distribution |
| What is a collective farm? | Large farms owned by the government and worked by peasants together |
| Why did Stalin create collective farms? | To increase food production and control agriculture |
| What is a Bolshevik? | A member of Lenin's revolutionary communist party |
| What role did Bolsheviks play in the revolution? | They overthrew the provisional government and created a communist state |
| What restrictions did Alexander III impose on the Russian people? | -Oppressing other national groups -Forbidding use of other languages -Censorship of press & private life -Limiting religions -Jews are being persecuted |
| The Industrial Revolution in Russia brought... | Pollution and further unequal classes in $ |
| What traits did Lenin have to help him gain command of the Bolsheviks? | -Willing to sacrifice everything for change -Strong will and good talker -Empathetic |
| What did the New Economic Policy do? | restored a considerable measure of capitalism to the Soviet economy, particularly in agriculture and trade. |
| Whatt political reforms did Lenin make? | Lenin established a centralized one-party socialist state by abolishing private land ownership, creating the USSR to manage self-governing republics, and implementing the New Economic Policy (NEP) to allow limited capitalism for economic recovery. |
| What actions did Bolsheviks take regarding farmlands, factories, and the great war? | -allowed peasants to seize land from landlords and the church. -All industries controlled with strict management and discipline )banning strikes) -end the conflict to focus on internal consolidation, signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 to exit. |
| Russian civil war 5 w's | The "Reds" fought against the "Whites"and foreign powers. A war for control of the former Russian Empire following the revo. In the former Russian Empire Opposing areas refused to accept the Bolsheviks' seizure of power and their new, radical society. |
| Important dates | Jan 22, 1905: Bloody Sunday sparks 1905 Revolution. Mar 8–16, 1917: February Revolution; Tsar abdicates. Nov 7, 1917: October Revolution; Bolsheviks seize power. Mar 3, 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. 1918–22: Civil War. |
Created by:
markoii