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Science Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Demography | Study of statistical changes in human populations (size, growth rate, density, age structure, sex ratio, fertility). |
| Population Density | Number of individuals per unit area. |
| Population Distribution | Where individuals are located geographically |
| Age Structure | Proportion of a population in different age groups. |
| Median Age | The age that divides a population in half (half older, half younger) |
| Sex Ratio | Ratio of males to females in a population (106 males per 100 females at birth). |
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | Average number of children a woman has in her lifetime |
| Replacement Fertility Rate | TFR of 2.1 needed to keep population stable. |
| Infant Mortality Rate | Number of infants dying before age 1. |
| Life Expectancy | Average number of years a newborn is expected to live. |
| Demographic Transition | Pattern of falling death rates and birth rates as a country industrializes. |
| Industrial Revolution | Period of mechanization, improved agriculture, medicine, and transportation that triggered rapid human population growth. |
| Doubling Time | Time required for a population to double in size. |
| IPAT Model | Formula explaining environmental impact: I = Impact P = Population A = Affluence T = Technology |
| Affluence | Wealth and ability to consume goods and services. |
| Biodiversity | Diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems in an area. |
| Genetic Diversity | Genetic Diversity |
| High Genetic Diversity Leads To | Adaptability Healthier offspring Greater survival |
| Low Genetic Diversity Causes | Inbreeding Genetic defects Disease vulnerability Higher extinction risk |
| Species Diversity | Variety of different species in an area. |
| Ecological Diversity | Variety of ecosystems, habitats, niches, and trophic levels across a landscape. |
| Endemic Species | Species found in only one place. |
| Biodiversity Hotspot | Area with exceptionally high numbers of endemic species. |
| Ecosystem Services | Resources and benefits humans receive from nature (food, water purification, pollination, climate regulation, medicine). |
| Exponential Growth | Rapid, continuous growth (J-shaped curve). |
| Logistic Growth | Growth that slows and stabilizes at carrying capacity (S-shaped curve) |
| Carrying Capacity | Maximum population size an environment can sustainably support |
| Population Crash | Rapid die-off after exceeding carrying capacity. |
| Density-Dependent Factors | Factors that increase with population size (disease, competition). |
| Density-Independent Factors | Factors that affect populations regardless of size (natural disasters, drought). |
| Biome | Large region defined by climate and dominant plant life. |
| Two Major Climate Factors: | Temperature Precipitation |
| Deciduous | Trees that lose leaves seasonally. |
| Evergreen | Trees that keep leaves year-round. |
| Broadleaf | Trees with wide, flat leaves. |
| Coniferous | Cone-bearing trees with needles. |
| Temperate Grasslands | Mostly converted to farmland due to fertile soil. |
| Tropical Rainforest | Biome with highest biodiversity on land. |
| Tundra | Cold biome with permafrost; too cold for trees. |
| Boreal Forest (Taiga) | Evergreen conifer forest with long, cold winters and nutrient-poor soil. |
| Where does Troy fit in terms of temperature and precipitation? | Humid Subtropical |
| What plants dominate our area? | Broadleaf deciduous trees (oak, maple, sweetgum) Pine trees (especially longleaf and loblolly pine) Mixed hardwood forests Wetland vegetation in low areas |
| What is our biome? | Troy is in the Temperate Deciduous Forest biome |
| What habitats exist in our area? | Forests Wetlands Fields Pine savannas Rivers and creeks |
| What is the population density of Troy? | 625.45 people per square mile 241.49 people per square kilometer |
| What do the four lowest median age counties in Alabama have in common? | Have major universities Have large student populations Have many young adults (18–24) |
| Does insect diversity being highest globally hold true here? | Yes |
| What triggered the demographic transition in most countries? | Industrialization |
| Life expectancy is defined as | Average age of death in a population |
| The replacement fertility rate for humans is | 2.1 |
| What lowers birth rates? | Urbanization and education |
| The IPAT model explains environmental impact using | Impact = Population × Affluence × Technology |
| Genetic diversity improves | Adaptability |
| Low genetic diversity increases | Extinction risk |
| Today’s cheetahs have low genetic diversity because of | A population bottleneck in the past |
| The biome with the highest biodiversity on land is | Tropical Rainforest |
| Permafrost is | Permanently frozen soil |
| The two most important climate factors determining biomes are | Temperature and precipitation |
| Deciduous trees are trees that | Lose leaves seasonally |
| Most of the world’s temperate grasslands have been converted to | Farmland |
| Exponential growth produces what shape curve? | J-shaped |
| Carrying capacity is | Maximum population size an environment can sustain |
| Troy, Alabama is located in which biome? | Temperate Deciduous Forest |
| Troy’s climate is best described as | Humid Subtropical |
| During the early industrial stage of the demographic transition, population growth increases rapidly because | Death rates fall while birth rates remain high |
| A country with a median age of 60 will most likely experience | Workforce shortages and economic strain |
| Which situation would most likely decrease genetic diversity in a population? | Habitat fragmentation |
| Conventional farming increases disease risk primarily because it | Reduces crop variety and increases density |
| Why are tropical rainforests more biodiverse than temperate forests? | They receive consistent warmth and high precipitation year-round |
| What is an example is density-dependent? | Contagious disease |
| A population that overshoots carrying capacity will most likely experience | A population crash |
| The reason boreal forests grow slowly is primarily due to | Nutrient-poor soil and long freezing periods |
| A society with high gender equality and widespread education will most likely have | Lower fertility rates |
| If technology improves efficiency but increases total consumption overall, environmental impact may | Increase despite efficiency gains |
Created by:
Orrin_Douglas