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astronomy 2

QuestionAnswer
What is life? A self-sustaining set of chemical reactions using carbon and water.
How does biology define life (6 traits)? Order, reproduction, growth, energy use, response to environment, evolution.
How does Darwinian evolution work? Random mutations + non random natural selection.
What are the key chemical ingredients for life? Carbon, water, nitrogen (plus energy).
What is metabolism? Chemical reactions that use energy (ATP) to sustain life.
What molecule is the energy currency of life? ATP.
What do all life forms share that shows a common ancestor? DNA for genetic info and ATP for energy.
What is pre-biotic chemistry (Miller–Urey)? Lab experiment showing organic molecules can form naturally.
What is the RNA world? Early life used RNA before DNA.
What were the first living organisms? Single-celled, prokaryotic microbes.
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Prokaryotes have no nucleus; eukaryotes do.
When did life first appear on Earth? About 4.0 to 3.5 billion years ago.
What is the earliest evidence for life? Stromatolites.
Where did life likely start? Hydrothermal vents.
what did photosynthesis evolve with? With cyanobacteria.
What caused oxygen to build up in Earth’s atmosphere? Photosynthesis by cyanobacteria.
What was the Great Oxidation Event? Oxygen increased and killed many early life forms.
What was the Cambrian Explosion? Rapid increase in animal diversity.
What was the K–T event? Asteroid impact that caused mass extinction (dinosaurs).
What are extremophiles? Organisms that live in extreme conditions.
Why is Mercury bad for astrobiology? No thick atmosphere, extreme temperatures.
What happened to Venus? Runaway greenhouse effect made it extremely hot.
What evidence shows Mars once had liquid water? Ancient river channels, deltas, minerals.
Why is Mars good for astrobiology? Past liquid water and preserved ancient surface.
Why are catalysts important for the origin of life? They speed up chemical reactions.
How did pre-biotic chemistry lead to life? Organic molecules → polymers → RNA → compartments → cells.
What is a runaway greenhouse effect? Warming causes more warming in a feedback loop.
Human evolution common ancestor with great apes 6 to 7 million years ago; humans didn’t evolve from chimps; >98% shared DNA
When did photosynthesis evolve? Anaerobic ~3.5 billion years ago Aerobic (cyanobacteria) ~2.7–2.5 billion years ago
Created by: rileyrola
 

 



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