Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
RMS Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the different parts of the research process? | Finding a problem/reviewing literature, theoretical considerations, developing the hypothesis, research design, conducting study, data analysis, discussion of results |
| What are the different parts of the scientific method? | Making observations, asking a question, forming a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results. |
| What are the different ways to acquire knowledge? | Intuition, deduction, tenacity, authority, observation, and reason and logic. |
| What is intuition? | To rely on common sense; We believe things because they "feel" right without necessarily experiencing or observing the phenomenon itself. |
| What is deduction? | To use logical reasoning and current knowledge; Refer to experiencing something firsthand or directly and applying that experience to other situations. |
| What is tenacity? | To use repeated information; When we hear a statement repeated enough times, we tend to accept it as being true. |
| What is authority? | To rely on someone else's knowledge; Acceptance of knowledge from an authority figure, who has experience or popularity. |
| What is observation? | To rely on what you observe. |
| What is reason and logic? | To rationalize information; Based on the premise that we can apply reason and logic to a situation in order to gain knowledge and understanding. |
| Identify which way to acquire knowledge is used based on the given scenario: "That seems right/wrong to me." | Intuition |
| Identify which way to acquire knowledge is used based on the given scenario: You had success with a certain weight loss strategy and recommend it to a friend. | Deduction |
| Identify which way to acquire knowledge is used based on the given scenario: Rumors and urban legends work this way | Tenacity |
| Identify which way to acquire knowledge is used based on the given scenario: Your doctor giving you medical advice, or a celebrity endorsing a product | Authority |
| Identify which way to acquire knowledge is used based on the given scenario: Want to know how much people sleep on average so you can conduct a survey to learn the answer | Observation |
| Identify which way to acquire knowledge is used based on the given scenario: "All swans are white, so if I see a swan, it's going to be white." | Reason and logic |
| What are the components that make up good science? | Objectivity, falsifiability, replication, correction, control, and dedication to ethics. |
| What is the component of good science when a good researcher strives to be as objective as possible? | Objectivity |
| What is the component of good science where research can provide evidence that they are wrong? | Falsifiability |
| What is the component of good science that involves someone redoing the study in a different setting or with a different sample to confirm their findings? | Replication |
| What is the component of good science where if experimental evidence fails to support our predictions, we should be open to changing our view about how nature operates? | Correction |
| What is the component of good science that involves direct manipulation of the variables we're interested in, and of other variables that might influence our study? | Control |
| What is the component of good science that explains that unethical research is, by nature, bad research, and that we must consider the effects on participants and on the populations we are generalizing to? | Dedication to Ethics |
| What is the population? | The entire group of individuals. |
| What is the sample? | The representative subset of the population (used to generalize to the population). |
| What is an independent variable (IV)? | The variable that can be directly manipulated or whose variation doesn't depend on anything else. The cause part of the cause-and-effect relationship. |
| What is a dependent variable (DV)? | The variable that changes (ideally) due to changes in the IV (what is being measured/the effect part of the cause-and effect relationship. |
| What is a confounding variable? | Factors other than the IV that can influence the DV. |
| What is an operational definition? | A way of providing meaning to a concept/variable in terms of how it is measured. |
| Why is it important to operationally define your variables in a clear way? | Makes it easier to replicate and evaluate research. |
| What are the three factors needed to establish a cause-and-effect relationship? | An association, temporal precedence (the cause must come before the effect), ability to rule out other factors |
| What is random assignment in an experiment? | Assigning research participants to groups so that each participant has an equal chance of being in any group, making those groups independent. |
| What are the different types of data collection? | Naturalistic and systematic observation, surveys and questionnaires, and archival data |
| What are the different types of research designs? | Correlational, experiment, quasi-experiment, and longitudinal |
| What is naturalistic observation? | observing people in their common, everyday surroundings; focus on qualitative description and interpretations |
| What is systematic observation? | Used to control conditions under which the behavior is observed, uses a controlled task to indicate the behavior of interest; lab setting |
| What are surveys and questionnaires? | participants are asked questions about specific behaviors; likert scales, open-ended response scale |
| What is archival data? | Involves analysis of preexisting data |
| What is a correlational design? | Examines whether and how variables are related and change together; use predictor and outcome variables |
| What is a experiment design? | determines whether casual relationship exists between variables; researcher manipulates the IV |
| What is a quasi-experiment design? | unable to manipulate the characteristic on which the groups differ; researcher measures the IV |
| What is a longitudinal design? | Compares same individuals over a period of time |
| What is a between-subjects design? | refers to a contrast between groups of participants who were randomly assigned to groups; participants in one group have absolutely no ties or links to the participants in the other group. |
| What is a within-subjects design? | compares participants assigned to groups through matched pairs, natural pairs, or repeated measures; essentially comparing scores within the same participants (greater certainty of group equality & reduces error variation) |
| What is the difference between an experiment and a quasi-experiment? | An quasi-experiment is when the researcher measures the IV (e.g., personality traits, demographic characteristics), and random assignment is not possible. An experiment is when the researcher manipulates the IV, typically also includes random assignment. |
| What is the difference between a cross-sectional and longitudinal design? | A cross-sectional design simultaneously compares different individuals, at one point in time. A longitudinal design compares the same individuals over a period of time. |
| What is a single-blind design? | participants do not know which group they are in (experimental or control) but the researcher does know |
| What is a double-blind design? | neither the participants nor the researchers interacting with them know who is in which group. |
| What is an open-ended scale? | Qualitative responses to questions such as "why do you think the defendant is guilty or not guilty?" Individuals provide their own responses. |
| What is an closed-ended scale? | Likert scales (1 to 7) or response categories |
| What is a likert scale? | Response scale (1 to 7), response category (often, sometimes, not very often, never) |
| What are the characteristics that make up a good research question? | Testable, reflect reality, feasible to research. |
| What are descriptive research questions? | They describe a phenomena and often study “how much,” “how often,” or “what is the change.” |
| What are casual research questions? | They compare two or more phenomena and determine if a relationship exists |
| What are comparative research questions? | They examine differences between two or more groups in relation to one or more variables. The questions often begin with “What is the difference in..” |
| What is basic research? | Attempts to understand the fundamental processes of a phenomena. |
| What is applied research? | Solves real-world problems. |
| What is a theory-driven hypothesis? | Researchers will develop a theory or model of how they think a phenomenon occurs; you can make predictions based on the assumptions made in the model |
| What is a data-driven hypothesis? | You might formulate a hypothesis based on what others have done |
| What is a directional hypothesis? | They specify the outcome of the experiment. |
| What is a non-directional hypothesis? | They do not predict the exact directional outcome of an experiment, only that the groups will differ. |
| What are the three components that make up a complete hypothesis? | Variables, relationship between variables, population |
| What is internal validity? | Extent to which a particular variable, rather than extraneous influences, accounts for the findings. |
| What is external validity? | Degree to which findings can be generalized to other people, settings, times, measures, and characteristics |
| What is reliability? | Consistency in an experiment. Precision. |
| What are the threats to internal validity? | Group differences, order effects, testing effects, regression toward the mean, social desirability, experimenter bias |
| What are group differences? | When the groups are not equal on important characteristics before the experiment begins. |
| What are order effects? | Order of conditions in a within-subjects design can affect how participants respond. |
| What are testing effects? | People can get better at a task because they’re practicing or worse because they’re tired. |
| What is regression toward the mean? | Extreme scores are unlikely to occur, so testing them again makes it look like they’re getting better or worse even if they aren’t. |
| What is social desirability? | Participants want to present themselves in a positive way. |
| What is experimenter bias? | The researcher treats participants differently based on their own knowledge. |
| What are the threats to external validity? | Attrition and Hawthorne Effect |
| What is attrition? | Participants might drop out of the study for non-random reasons. |
| What is the Hawthorne effect? | Participants change their behavior because they know they’re being watched. |
| What are the different ways that researchers can control for validity concerns? | Randomization, elimination, constancy, balancing, and counterbalancing |
| What is randomization? | Making sure each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in an experiment. |
| What is elimination? | Confounding variables are completely removed from an experiment. |
| What is constancy? | Confounding variable is reduced to a single value that is experienced by all participants. |
| What is balancing? | Distributing extraneous variables equally to all groups. |
| What is counterbalancing? | Presenting conditions in different orders. |
| What is the general idea of the Nuremberg War Tribunal? | That even powerful government officials can be held legally accountable for crimes against humanity under international law. |
| What is the Nuremberg Code. | Participants should consent to participate, be fully informed of the nature of the research, risks should be avoided whenver possible, experiments should be conducted by qualified personnel, and participants have right to discontinue at any time |
| What is the APA Code? | (same guidelines as Nuremberg Code with two additional elements) Must reduce harm due to deception Must ensure confidentiality of participant data |
| Why was the Tuskegee Syphilis Project unethical? | Participants were not told they had syphilis They were misled and told they were receiving treatment Even after a known cure, researchers withheld treatment Participants were not given informed consent Study caused preventable harm |
| Why was the Milgram Obedience study unethical? | Participants were deceived into believing they were shocking another person Many experienced extreme emotional stress and anxiety They felt pressured to continue due to the authority Incomplete informed consent |
| Why was the Standford Prison experiment unethical? | Participants were randomly assigned to prisoner/guard roles w/o understanding the psychological effects “guards” engaged in emotional/psychological abuse Participants experienced psychological distress The study lacked proper oversight |
| Identify the ethical guidelines these studies followed or shed light as being important: Tuskegee | Informed consent, right to treatment, protection of vulnerable populations, National Research Act |
| Identify the ethical guidelines these studies followed or shed light as being important: Milgram | Debriefing (participants were told the true purpose afterward), right to withdraw, limit deception, risk vs. benefit in research |
| Identify the ethical guidelines these studies followed or shed light as being important: Stanford Prison | Informed consent, stopped early to prevent harm, highlighted the need for stronger monitoring of participant well-being, right to withdraw, and independent oversight |
| What are the three basic principles of the Belmont Report? | Respect for persons, beneficence (well-being of participants), justice (no coercion or unequal distribution of benefits) |
| What is informed consent? | giving a general description of the project in which they are going to participate, informing the participants that no penalties will be invoked if they choose not to participate, and clearly stating that they have the right to withdraw |
| What is confidentiality? | researcher won't disclose who was in the study or what specific participants said. |
| What is debriefing? | Explaining to the participants the nature and purpose(s) of the project. |
| What does the risk-benefit analysis involve? | Asking: What are the risks? How serious are the risks? What are the benefits? Do the benefits outweigh the risks? |
| What is the nominal scale of measurement? | Labels; groups with no ranking or numbers assigned |
| What is the ordinal scale of measurement? | In order; groups that have been rank ordered |
| What is the interval scale of measurement? | Equal distances between items; groups that have been rank-ordered with equal gaps between ranks |
| What is the ratio scale of measurement? | Groups that have been rank ordered with equal gaps between ranks and a true zero. |
| Race/ethnicity, religion, types of pets, gender are examples of which scale of measurement? | Nominal |
| Placing in an event (1st, 2nd, 3rd), likert scales (in reality) are examples of which scale of measurement? | Ordinal |
| Likert scales in practice, IQ, and temperature in C and F are examples of which scale of measurement? | Interval |
| Temperature in K, number of times someone has done something, time, weight, height are examples of which scale of measurement? | Ratio |
| Which scales of measurement can be used for Mode? | Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio |
| Which scales of measurement can be used for Mean? | Interval, ratio |
| Which scales of measurement can be used for Median | Ordinal, interval, ratio |
| What is the mode? | Number that occurs most frequently in a distribution. |
| What is the mean? | Number found after adding all the numbers in the distribution and dividing by the number of datapoints |
| What is the median? | Number that divides the distribution into equal halves after numbers have been ranked |
| Which two graphs use nominal and ordinal data? | Bar chart and pie chart |
| Which graph uses interval or ratio data? | Histogram |
| Which scale of measurement is more resistant to outliers than mean? | Median |
| Which scale of measurement is highly affected by skew and outliers? | Mean |
Created by:
gracienelson33