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BIO Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Auxin | Growth and development hormone |
| cytokinin | Cell division hormone |
| Gibberellins | Growth hormone |
| Abscisic acid | Dormancy hormone, reacts to plant stress |
| ethylene | Aging/ripening hormone |
| Dendrites | Receives messages from other neurons |
| Axon | Propagates signal |
| Terminals | Sends signals to adjacent neurons |
| Myelin sheath | Insulates axon, allows electrical signal to move down axon |
| Synapse | where communication between neurons occurs |
| Depolarization | positive ions moving into the cell |
| Repolarization | positive ions moving out of the cell |
| Negative feedback loop | Self regulating loop |
| Steroids | Synthesized on demand from cholesterol, hydrophobic. requires transport proteins to move through bloodstream |
| Corticosteroids | Stress hormones, synthesized in adrenal glands |
| Peptides | Chains of amino acids, hydrophilic, synthesized and stored |
| Amines | single amino acids ( i.e. melatonin & adrenaline), most are water soluble |
| Glucagon | Hormone that increases blood sugar |
| Budding | new individuals are grown off of parent, then fall off and become separate individual |
| Fragmentation | Part detatches from parent, then grows into new individual |
| Parthenogenesis | Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs |
| Gynogenesis | Sperm dependent parthenogenesis, sperm activates biotic division of egg |
| Monoecious organisms | Hermaphrodites, can reproduce sexually and asexually |
| Kleptogenesis | Organism can acquire sperm from parent but not use it to fertilize egg |
| Muller's ratchet hypothesis | Asexual species are more likely to accumulate costly mutations |
| Red queen hypothesis | Predators and prey evolve at same rate, parasites evolve and host creates resistance |
| Oviparity | Egg laying, many more offspring produced due to low survival rate |
| Viviparity | Live bearing, sparse offspring but higher survival rates |
| Amnion | Encloses embryo, acts as a cushion |
| Allantois | Storage of metabolic waste |
| Chorion | Serves in gas exchange |
| Yolk sac | storage of nutrients |
| Shell | Porous, prevents water loss and protects |
| Matrotrophy | Post fertilization maternal provisioning |
| Gymnosperms | naked seeds |
| Angiosperms | flowering plants |
| Life phases in plants | Plants alternate between diploid and haploid |
| Gametophyte phase | Haploid generation, produces gamete through mitosis |
| Sporophyte phase | Diploid generation, produces haploid spores via meiosis |
| Dioecious | Entire plant is either male or female, males produce staminate flowers & females produce ovulate flowers |
| Monoecious | Entire plant has both reproductive parts |
| Sepals (plants) | modified leaves that protect developing flower bud (collectively called calyx) |
| Petals (plants) | modified leaves that attract pollinators (collectively called corolla) |
| Stamen (plants) | Male reproductive parts |
| Anthers & filaments | part of stamen, contain microsporangia which produce pollen |
| Carpel (plants) | Female reproductive parts |
| Stigma | part of carpel, where pollen is deposited |
| Style | part of carpel, pollen tube grows down style branch to ovaries |
| Ovaries | part of carpel, contain microsporangia which produce embryo sac (Megametophyte) |
| Wind pollination | Dull colored flowers, no smell or petals, light pollen |
| water pollination | mostly submerged aquatic plants. Dull flowers, no smell or petals, heavy pollen |
| Beetle pollination | occurs during the day, dull white/green flowers (sometimes colorful), fruity or spicy smelling, bears lots of pollen with many stamens |
| Bird pollination | occurs during the day, vivid colors, landing forms present, tube shaped flowers, no smell and contains nectar |
| Butterfly pollination | occurs during the day, Color variable, sweet or perfumey smell, flower contains narrow or small tubes, landing platform is present |
| Moth pollination | Occurs at night, white or pale colored, sweet/perfumey smells |
| Fly pollination | Occurs during the day, color variable, sweet fruity or perfumy smell, shape variable |
| Carrion Fly pollination | Occurs during day, meat colored, smells like rotting flesh, flat shape or deep trap |
| Bee pollination | Occurs during day, color variable, sweet fruity or perfumy smell, typically open bowl or broad tube |
| Bat pollination | Occurs at night, white or pale colors, sweet or musty smell, large & sturdy, positioned away from foliage |
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