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Selected Joints
Chapter 8 - A & P Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)? | TMJ is a combination plane and ellipsoid joint |
| what structure divides the TMJ into two cavities? | a fibrocartilage disk divides it into superior and inferior cavities |
| what movements does TMJ allow? | depression and elevation, excursion, protraction and retraction |
| what are TMJ disorders associated with? | major cause of chronic orofacial pain |
| what type of joint is the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint? | ball & socket joint with increased mobility and reduced stability compare to the hip |
| what movements occur at the shoulder joint? | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction |
| what is the glenoid labrum? | rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid cavity that helps deepen the socket and provides attachment for the joint capsule |
| what bursae are associated with the shoulder joint? | subacromial and subscapular brusae |
| what is the rotator cuff? | a group of 4 muscles that, along with ligaments, stablize the shoulder joint |
| what structure passes through the shouilder joint capsule? | tendon of the biceps brachii |
| what are common traumatic injuries of the shoulder? | dislocations and torn muscles or tendons |
| what type of joint is the elbow? | compound hinge joint |
| what joints make up the elbow? | humeroulnar, humeroradial, proximal radioulnar joints |
| what movements are allowed at the elbow? | flexion and extension, with pronation and supination allowed by the rounded head of the radius |
| what limits elbow movements to flexion and extension? | shape of the trochlear notch and trochlea |
| what ligaments stablize the elbow? | ulnar collarteral ligament, radial collateral ligament, radial annular ligament |
| what type of joint si the hip(coxal) joint? | ball & socket joint |
| what structures deepen the hip socket? | acetabular labrum and transverse acetabular ligament |
| how does the hip compare to the shoulder in stability and mobility? | hip is more stable but less mobile than the shoulder |
| what movements occur at the hip? | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction |
| what provides strengthen to the hip joint capsule? | strong ligaments, including the iliofemoral ligament |
| what is the ligament of the head of the femur? | a ligament that often carries a nutrient artery to the femur |
| what type of joint is the knee? | conduloid joint allowing flexion, externsion, and a little rotation |
| what are menisci? | fibrocartilage articular disks that deepen the tibial surface |
| what are cruciate ligaments? | ligaments that connect the tibia and femur within the joint |
| what does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevent? | anterior displacement of the tibia |
| what does the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) prevent? | posterior displacement of the tibia |
| what structures strengthen the knee joint? | collateral ligaments, popliteal ligaments, tendons of thigh muscles |
| what can bursae in the knee cause when inflammed? | slow accumulation of fluid in the joint, "water on the knee" |
| what structures are commonly injured by a lateral blow to the knee (such as during a football tackle)? | often tears the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), tha anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and damages the medial meniscus |
| what type of joint is the ankle (talocrural) joint? | a highly modified hinge joint |
| how is side-to-side movement limited at the ankle? | articular capsule is thickened laterally and medially to prevent excessive side-to-side movement |
| what movements occur at the ankle joint? | dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, with limited inversion and eversion |
| what is the function of the ligaments of the arch of the foot? | hold bones in proper relationship and help transfer body weight |
| what is osteoarthritis? | "wear and tear" type of arthritis cause by degeneration of joint cartilage |
| what is rheumatiod arthritis? | cause by transient infection or an autoimmune disease that affects the joints |
| how can lyme disease affect joints? | bacterial infection that can result in chronic arthritis |
| what is gout? | metabolic disorder that increase uric acid in the blood, causing deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and kidneys |
| bursitis? | inflammation of a bursa |
| bunion? | a deformity of the first metatarsal, often caused by ill-fitting shoes |
| tendinitis? | inflammation of a tendon sheath often due to overuse |
| dislocation? | movement of bones out of alignment |
| sprain? | stretching or tearing of ligaments in a joint |
| chondromalacia patellae? | inflammation under the patella along with softening of the cartilage |
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