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Classes of Joints
Chapter 8 - A & P Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how are joints classified structurally? | structurally, there are three structural classes: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial |
| how are joints classified functionally? | synarthrosis: non-movable amphiarthrosis: slightly movable diarthrosis: freely movable |
| what are the characteristics of fibrous joints? | united by fibrous connective tissue, have no joint cavity, exhibit little to no movement |
| what are the 3 types of fibrous joints? | sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses |
| where are sutures found? | between opposing bones of skull |
| how are bones connected in sutures? | bones interdigitate, and the periosteum of one bones is continuous with the periosteum of the other |
| what is a sutural ligament? | consists of 2 periostea plus dense fibrous connective tissue between them |
| what is synostosis? | complete ossification of a suture in adults |
| what are frontanels and what is their function? | membranous areas between skull bones in infants that allow the head to change shape during birth and accommodate rapid growth after birth |
| what characterizes syndesmoses? | bones are farther apart than in sutures and joined by ligaments |
| what is an example of syndesmosis? | radioulnar joint connected by the interosseous membrane |
| what is a gomphosis? | specialized joint where a peg fits into a socket |
| where are gomphoses found? | between teeth and their sockets |
| what holds teeth in place in gomphoses? | periodontal ligaments |
| what can gingivitis lead to? | periodontal disease |
| what are cartilaginous joints? | joints that unite two bones by a pad of cartilage |
| what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints? | sunchondroses and symphyses |
| what type of cartliage is found in synchondroses? | hyaline |
| how much movement occurs in synchondroses? | little of no movement |
| are synchondroses permanent? | some are temporary and replaced by synostoses; others are permanent |
| what are examples of synchondroses? | epiphyseal plates, sternocostal joints, sphenooccipital joints |
| whay type of cartilage is found in symphyses? | fibrocartilage |
| how much movement occurs in symphyses? | slightly movable |
| what are examples of symphyses? | symphysis pubis, joint between the manubriuma nd body of the sternum, and intervertebral discs |
| what characterizes synovial joints? | contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement |
| where are most synovial joints found? | appendicular skeleton |
| how do synovial joints compare to other structural joints? | more complex |
| what is articular cartilage? | hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth surface for movement |
| what is the joint cavity? | synovial cavity that encloses the articular surfaces |
| what makes up the joint capsule? | fibrous capsule and a synovial membrane |
| what is the fibrous capsule made of? | dense irregular connective tissue continuous with the periosteum |
| what does the synovial membrane do? | lines the inside of the joint capsule except over articular cartilage and produces synovial fluid |
| what is the synovial fluid composed of? | mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, fats, cells, and hyaluronic acid for lubrication |
| do areticular cartilages have blood vessels of nerves? | no; they recieve nutrients from nearby blood vessels and synovial fluid |
| what is the role of nerves in the capsule? | help the brain detect joint position |
| what are bursae? | pockets of synovial membrane and fluid found in areas of friction |
| what is bursitis? | inflammation of a bursa |
| what role do ligaments and tendons play? | help stabilize joints |
| what are articular discs? | structures found in joints |
| what are menisci? | fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee |
| what are tendon sheaths? | synovial sacs that surround tendons as they pass near or over bone |
| what are the 6 types of synovial joints? | plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball & socket, ellipsoid |
| how are movements of synovial joints described? | uniaxial: movement around 1 axis biaxial: movments around 2 axes at right angles multiaxial: movement around serveral axes |
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