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Bio II Ch 28
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Protists belong on the... | Island of Misfits |
| Protists | Diverse, mostly unicellular group of eukaryotes |
| Mixotrophs | organisms that combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition |
| Endosymbiosis | a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell/cells of another organism (the host) |
| Four Supergroups of Eukaryotes | 1) Excavata 2) SAR 3) Archaeaplastida 4) Unikonta |
| Algae | photosynthetic protists; includes red and green variants |
| Secondary endosymbiosis | Red and green algae (once already having went endosymbiosis) were ingeseted in the food vacuoles of heterotrophic eukaryotes and became endosymbionts themselves |
| Diplomonads | Excavata group; have reduced mitochondria called MITOSOMES, which lack an e- transport chain and thus cannot use oxygen; they have 2 equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella; ex. is Giardia |
| Parabasalids | Excavata; have reduced mitochondria called HYDROGENOSOMES, which generate some energy anaerobically and release hydrogen gas as a by-product |
| 3 types of protists | 1) Plant-like 2) Animal-like 3) Fungi-like |
| Euglenozoans | a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites // main morphological feature is the presence of a rod with etiehr a spiral or crystalline structure inside each of their flagella |
| Kinetoplastids | Euglenozoan; has a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a KINETOPLAST; includes species that feed on prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and most terrestrial ecosystems |
| Kinetoplast | a large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA |
| Euglenids | has a pocket at one end of the cell from which 1 or 2 flagella emerge; some are mixotrophs depending on external conditions (sunlight available = photosynthesis; unavailable = heterotrophs) |
| SAR is based on... | 1) the whole genome DNA sequence analysis 2) Stramenophiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians |
| Stramenophiles | includes DIATOMS (microscopic algae/photosynthetic plants; unique trait = glass-like walls made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic matrix); characteristic "straw" flagellum with numerous hair-like projections paired with shorter/smoother flagellum |
| Diatoms | unicelllular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic matrix; walls provide protection |
| Brown algae | largesst and most complex algae; all are multicellular, most are marine; do NOT have tissues/organs; has alternation of generations |
| Specialized structures found in brown algae | 1) Holdfast - anchors the algae/root-like 2) Stipe - supports the leaf-like blades |
| Alternation of generations | a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form (SPOROPHYTE) and a multicellular haploid form (GAMETOPHYTE) |
| Sporophyte | produces spores; diploid |
| Gametophyte | produces gametes; haploid |
| Fusion of gametes | zygote |
| Heteromorphic | sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different |
| Isomorphic | when sporophytes and gametophytes look similar to each other, but are still different in chromsome numbers |
| In Laminara (type of algae), 2 generations are... Other algal life cycles are... | Heteromorphic Isomorphic |
| Oomycetes | water molds |
| Alveolates | SAR; have membrane-enclosed sacs called ALVEOLI, just under the plasma membrane; found in many habitats, some are photosynthetic and others are heterotrophic |
| Dinoflagellates | phytoplankton, while others are heterotrophic; reinforced by cellulose plaates; 2 flagella located in grooves create spin movement; live in marine and freshwater ecosystems |
| Apicomplexans | most are parasites of animals; spread through their tiny infectious cells called SPOROZOITES; name orginiates from their apex containing a complex of oragnelles specialized for penterating host cells and tissues |
| Ciliates | a large and varied group of protists named for their use of cilia to move and feed; most are predators of bacteria or other protists |
| Rhizarians | many species are amoebas with pseudophobia to distinguish them from other amoebas; also include flagellated (non-amoeboid) protists that feed using threadlike pseudopodia |
| Amoebas | protists that move and feed by means of pseudopodia (extensions that may bulge from almost anywhere on the cell surface) |
| Radiolarians | Rhizarian; delicate, intricately symmetrical internal skeletons that are generally made of silica; mostly marine protists; pseudopodia tend to radiate from central body and reinforced by microtubules |
| Forams (Foraminiferans) | named for porous shells called tests hardened with calcium carbonate; pseudopodias that extend through pores function in swimming, test formation, and feeding; found in ocean and fresh water; 90% of all identified species are from fossils |
| Cercozoans | large group of amoeboid and flagellated protists that feed using threadlike pseudopodia; common inhabitants of marine, freshwater, and soil ecosystems; most are heterotrophs, many are parasites |
| Archaeaplastida | monophyletic group descended from the ancient protist that engulfed a cyanobacterium |
| Red algae | pigment phycoerythrin accounts for red color (varies in water depths); abundant in warm coastal waters; most are multicellular; reproduce sexually **Nori sushi wraps** |
| Green algae | green chloroplasts; 2 main groups = Charophytes and Chlorophytes |
| Unikonts (aka Amorphea) | extremely diverse supergroup of eukaryotes that includes animals, fungi, and some protists; 2 major clades = Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts |
| Amoebozoans | many species of amoebas that have lobe- or tube-shaped psuedopodia rather than the threadlike pesudopodia found in rhizarians; include slime molds, tubulinds (marine and fresh-water), and entamoebas |
| Opisthokonts | extremely diverse group of eukaryotes that includes animals, fungi, and several groups of protists |
| Symbiotic protists | ex: photosynthetic dinoflagellates are food-providing symbiotic partners of the animals (coral polyps) that build coral reefs |
| Lots of protists are producers. All other organisms = ...? | Customers |
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