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Specific Defenses
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Humoral immunity | (antibody-mediated immunity) is provided by antibodies present in the body's fluids |
| Cellular immunity | (cell-mediated immunity) lymphocytes themselves defend the body by sensing targets and either directly (lysing) or indirectly destroying them |
| Antigens | Any substance capable of exciting our immune system and providing an immune response. Most are large, complex molecules that are not normally present in our bodies |
| Self-antigens | How our cells recognize us and help explain rejected organs |
| Lymphocytes | Originate from stem cells in red bone marrow. Matures into a B or T cell, depending on where in the body it becomes immunocompetent. T cells arise from lymphocytes that migrate to the thymus where they mature |
| Stem Cells | Where B cells or T cell lymphocytes arise. After they mature, they migrate to lymph nodes where they can recognize and specifically attack certain pathogens. |
| Element | Function in the immune response |
| B cell | Lymphocyte that resides in lymph nodes, spleen or other lymphoid tissues where it's induced to replicate by antigen binding and helper T cell interaction; its clone members form plasma cells and memory cells |
| Plasma cell | Antibody-producing machine; produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin) ; represents further specialization of B cell clone descendants |
| Helper T cell | Regulatory T cell that binds with a specific antigen presented by a macrophage; it stimulates the production of other immune cells (killer T cells and B cells) to help fight invader; acts both directly and indirectly by releasing lymphokines |
| Cytotoxic T | Killer T cell; activity enhanced by helper T cells; specialty is killing virus-invaded body cells as well as body cells that have become cancerous; involved in graft rejection |
| Suppressor T | Slows or stops the activity of B & T cells once the infection (or attack by foreign cells) has been conquered |
| Memory Cell | Descendant of an activated B or T cell; generated during the initial immune response; may exist In the body for years thereafter, enabling it to respond quickly and efficiently to subsequent infection or meetings with the same antigen |
| Macrophages | Arise from bone marrow. Engulfs and digests antigens that it encounters, and presents parts of them on its plasma membrane for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antigen (antigen presentation) |
| Antibody | Protein produced by a B cell or its plasma cell offspring, and released immunoglobulin into blood, lymph, saliva, and mucus, etc where it attached to antigens causing neutralization, precipitation, or agglutination that marks the antigens for destruction |
| Lymphokines | Chemicals released by sensitized T cells: MIF, Interleukin 2, Helper factors, suppressor factors, chemotactic factors, Perforin, and Gamma interferon |
| Monokines | Chemicals released by activated macrophages: Interleukin 1, TNF |
| Macrophages Migration inhibiting factor (MIF) | inhibits macrophage migration and keeps them in the local area |
| Interleukin 2 | stimulates T cells and B cells to proliferate |
| Helper factors | enhance antibody formation by plasma cells |
| Suppressor factors | suppress antibody formation or T cell mediated immune responses |
| Chemotactic factors | attract leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) into inflamed areas |
| Perforin | a cell toxin, causes cell lysis |
| Gamma interferon | helps make tissue cells resistant to viral infection; activated macrophages; activated NK cells; enhances maturation of killer T cells |
| Cell lysis | The process of breaking open the plasma membrane of a cell to release its internal contents like DNA, RNA, proteins, and organelles |
| Interleukin 1 | stimulates T cells to proliferate and causes fever |
| Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) | like Perforin, cause cell killing; attracts granulocytes; activated T cells and macrophages |
| Complement | Group of blood borne proteins activated after binding to antibody covered antigens; when activated, causes lysis of the microorganisms and enhances inflammatory response |
| Antigen | Substance capable of provoking an immune response; typically a large complex molecule, not normally present in the body |
| Disorders of immunity | Allergies, Immunodeficiencies, Autoimmune diseases |
| Allergies | Hypersensitivities are abnormally vigorous immune responses in which the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. An allergen is used to distinguish this type of antigen |
| Immediate (acute) hypersensitivity | Triggered by the release of a flood of histamine when IgE antibodies bind to mast cells. Histamine causes small blood vessels in the area to become dilated and leaky and is largely to blame for the best recognized allergy symptoms |
| Anaphylactic Shock | Bodywide (systemic) acute allergic response |
| Immunodeficiencies | The production or function of immune cells or complement is abnormal. Congenital (SCID) or Acquired (AIDS) |
Created by:
epfaff