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Bio Lab Practical 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time |
| Differentiate between micro and macroevolution | changes in a population over time within a species vs long amounts of time above the species level |
| Punctuated equilibrium | periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change |
| In nature, why is being a generalist sometimes an advantage over being a specialist? | Animals can vary in activity (i.e. general beak can eat many types of food) |
| Differentiate between molds and casts | impressions in hardening materials vs substance filling in a mold |
| Differentiate between relative and absolute dating | association with four eras via stratigraphy vs more exact time period via radioactive dating |
| Goosebumps in humans and hair standing up in animals are both for what? | dealing with the cold |
| Differentiate between homologous and analogous | Similar structures from a common ancestor vs similar structures with similar functions because of convergent evolution |
| List some human vestigial structures | Coccyx, wisdom teeth, third eyelid |
| Can analogous organisms use structures that are vestigial in other organisms? | Yes |
| How has the comparison of molecules, such as proteins and DNA, provided support for the concept of evolution? | DNA is hereditary and codes for proteins, so they get passed down |
| Briefly explain protein clock theory | As time passes, organisms that are evolutionarily similar share more proteins |
| What are the matrices in which organisms may become fossilized? | Hard parts, destruction, and burial |
| Why are fossils important to scientists? | They give clues to age, habitat, morphology, anatomy, injuries, and diseases over time |
| What evidence supports evolutionary theory? | 1) Comparative anatomy 2) Fossil record 3) Evidence of continental drift 4) Radioactive dating 5) Embryological 6) Molecular |
| What is the role of natural selection in the process of evolution? | Animals better suited for living become more abundant over time |
| What is the importance of the different beak shapes of Darwin's finches? | They demonstrate natural selection and adaptation |
| How does beak shape reflect the diet of fruits, seeds, or insects? | They indicate the type and amount of each food that can be eaten |
| Define cytochrome C | Protein with an amino acid sequence studied in order to determine common ancestry |
| Differentiate between natural and artificial selection | Environment controls vs human control |
| Define taxonomy | Study of principles, procedures, and rules of scientific classification and the naming of organisms |
| Define systematics | the scientific study of the kinds of organisms, their diversity, and their evolutionary relationships |
| Cladistics/phylogenetic systematics | A system of arranging taxa by analysis of primitive and derived characteristics |
| What are the levels of the hierarchical classification system? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Dichotomous key | a way of identifying organisms using a system of paired choices |
| What did Linnaeus contribute to taxonomy? | classification based on ordering of living organisms into taxa, binomial nomenclature, and classification of organisms in hierarchies based on morphological similarities |
| Differentiate between cladistics and hierarchical classification | based on evolutionary history vs morphological similarities |
| What does virus mean in Latin? | Poison |
| What is the structure of a virus? | small, protein coat surrounding DNA/RNA core, sheath, and tail fibers |
| What are the different shapes of viruses? | Spherical, helical, polyhedral, brick-like |
| Capsid | outer protein coat of a virus constructed from capsomeres |
| Enveloped viruses | encased in a host cell-derived envelope, naked without |
| Bacteriophage | viruses that infect bacteria |
| Can all viruses infect all organisms? | No |
| Differentiate between lytic and lysogenic | Cause cell to burst and spread viral particles vs integration and replication of the viral genome within a host without destruction (AKA temperate) |
| What are the five phases of a typical bacteriophage? | 1) Absorption/attachment 2) Entry/penetration 3) Integration 4) Synthesis/assembly 5) Release |
| Prion | proteinaceous and infectious particles that cause disease in humans and animals |
| How are viruses passed on? | Direct contact, respiratory, sharing bodily fluids |
| Virulent | causes infection, only undergoes lytic cycle |
| What equation determines the number of individuals infected after each round of exposure? | 2^n |
| T or F: Plants can't be affected by viruses | F; called viroids |
| What is the function of pili in bacteria? | Attach bacterium to substrate |
| What is the function of endospore in some bacteria? | Help survive harsh conditions |
| Where is the genetic material located in bacteria? | Nucleoid and plasmoids |
| Do all bacteria react to Gram staining? | No, because some don't have cell walls |
| Why is Gram staining important? | So the doctor knows what type of antibiotics to prescribe |
| Antibiotics | Biological, synthetic, or semisynthetic drugs that inhibit the growth of or destroy a variety of microorganisms |
| What carries antibiotic resistance in bacteria? | plasmids |
| Why do we use hay infusions for looking at protists? | increases the number |
| What makes plant-like protists like plants? | Photosynthesis |
| Mixotroph | type of protist nutrition that combines photosynthetic and heterotrophic nutrition |
| Where are conjugating Paramecium joined? | oral groove |
| Why are animal-like protists like animals? | active and heterotrophic |
| What is likely to happen to the kingdom Protista? | it will eventually die out |
| How have protists been traditionally classified? | morphologically |
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