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BIO 101 Unit 2 Test
Question and Answer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between catabolic vs anabolic | Catabolic: Breaks down complex molecules (like fats) to release energy, driven by cortisol and adrenaline Anabolic: Builds complex molecules (like muscle) and stores energy using ATP, driven by insulin and growth hormones |
| How do enzymes function as molecular catalysts? | Lowering the activation energy required for chemical reactions, while significantly speeding up metabolic processes without being consumed |
| Explain how ATP is used by the cell as an energy source | Releasing a phosphate group through a process called hydrolysis, which converts ATP into ADP and an inorganic phosphate |
| Explain why glycolysis is considered to be evidence for evolution | Glycolysis is universal, highly conserved metabolic pathway that is found in nearly all living organisms from cells, bacteria, and all the way up to humans that has evolved from billions of years ago |
| Summarize the process of aerobic cellular respiration | Converts glucose and oxygen into ATP (energy), carbon dioxide, and water through 4 key stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain |
| Describe the relationships of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in terms of their inputs and outputs | These three are interconnected with sequential stages of cellular respiration that convert glucose into ATP. Glycolysis produces pyruvate and the citric acid cycle produces NADH/FADH2 |
| Why do humans need to breathe oxygen? | To produce energy, as it’s essential for cellular respiration |
| Describe the types of fermentation and the differences between them | Lactic acid, alcoholic, and acetic. Differ by the microbes involved and their end products |
| Summarize the process of photosynthesis. | The essential biological process converting solar energy into chemical energy (glucose) in plants, algae, and some bacteria, primarily within chloroplasts. It uses sunlight to transform H2O and CO2 into glucose while releasing oxygen as a biproduct. |
| What is the relevance of photosynthesis to other living things? | It acts as the primary source of food for nearly all organisms, directly or indirectly supporting food chains, while also replenishing atmospheric oxygen necessary for respiration. |
| Describe the main structures involved in photosynthesis. | Key structures include thylakoids (stacked into grana) where light-dependent reactions occur via chlorophyll, and the stroma, a fluid-filled space for light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). |
| Describe how plants absorb energy from sunlight. | Plants absorb sunlight primarily through chlorophyll, a green pigment located in chloroplasts within leaf cells. This pigment captures light energy (specifically blue and red wavelengths) to drive photosynthesis. |
| Describe how the wavelengths of light affects its energy and color. | The wavelength of light inversely determines its energy and directly determines its color. Shorter wavelengths (380-500 nm) have higher energy and appear violet/blue, while longer wavelengths (620-750 nm) have lower energy and appear red. |
| Describe the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. | Occurring in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, convert solar energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) by using sunlight to excite electrons, split water molecules (photolysis), and pump hydrogen ions. This process releases oxygen. |
| Describe the Calvin cycle. | The Calvin cycle is the light-independent stage of photosynthesis occurring in the chloroplast stroma, converting CO2 into sugar using ATP and NADPH. In three phases—carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration—it produces G3P to create glucose. |
| Explain how photosynthesis works in the energy cycle of all living organisms. | Photosynthesis is the foundational process of the global energy cycle, converting solar energy into chemical energy (glucose) and releasing oxygen. Combines CO2, water, and sunlight to produce food and oxygen for themselves |
| Describe the prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome | Prokaryotic genomes are typically small, single, circular DNA molecules located in the cytoplasm (nucleoid). Eukaryotic genomes are large, comprised of multiple linear chromosomes contained within a nucleus |
| What is the difference between chromosomes, genes, and traits | Chromosomes are the structural carriers of DNA, genes are specific functional segments within that DNA, and traits are the resulting physical or biological characteristics |
| Describe the three stages of interphase | G₁ (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), and G₂ (Gap 2). During these stages, the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and produces organelles to prepare for division. |
| What is the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis | Chromosomes are attached by their kinetochores to the microtubules of the spindle |
| What is the difference in cytokinesis in plants and animals | Primarily due to the presence of a rigid cell wall in plants. Animal cells undergo cleavage, pinching inward via a contractile ring. Conversely, plant cells build a new cell wall from the inside out using a cell plate formed by vesicles. |
| How is cancer caused by uncontrolled cell division? | When genetic mutations disrupt cell cycle regulators, causing cells to ignore stop signals, evade death (apoptosis), and divide indefinitely. |
| How is variation among offspring a potential evolutionary advantage resulting from sexual reproduction? | Crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis, along with random fertilization. These processes shuffle genes, ensuring each offspring is genetically distinct from their parents and siblings, providing a crucial advantage for adaptation |
| Describe three different life-cycle strategies among sexual multicellular organisms and their commonalities | Diploid-dominant (animals), haploid-dominant (fungi), and alternation of generations (plants)—differ based on whether the multicellular phase is 2n or n. |
| Describe the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis. | Homologous pairing (synapsis) to form bivalents, crossing-over to exchange genetic material, and two successive divisions that separate homologs in Meiosis I, followed by sister chromatids in Meiosis II |
| Explain the difference between meiosis and mitosis | Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid (2n) somatic cells for growth and repair, featuring one division. Conversely, meiosis creates four genetically unique haploid (n) gametes for sexual reproduction through two successive divisions |
| Explain the mechanisms within meiosis that generate genetic variation among the products of meiosis | Meiosis generates genetic variation in gametes primarily through two key mechanisms during meiosis I: crossing over (recombination) and independent assortment of chromosomes. |
| Explain how nondisjunction leads to disorders in chromosome number | Fertilization with these abnormal gametes results in embryos with incorrect total chromosome numbers, causing conditions like Down syndrome (trisomy 21)Turner syndrome (monosomy X), or Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). |
Created by:
ajpatton08