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Psychophysiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Malignant Tumors | an abnormal growth of cells that multiply uncontrollably, invade nearby tissues, and can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body via the blood or lymph system; infiltrating |
| Benign Tumors | a noncancerous, abnormal growth of cells that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body; encapsulating |
| Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes | white blood cells that leave the bloodstream and enter a tumor to fight cancer |
| Tumor encapsulation | a biological process where the body surrounds a tumor with a fibrous, protein-based layer, acting as a natural barrier to restrict, contain, and prevent cancer cells from spreading |
| Tumor compression | occurs when a growing tumor exerts pressure on surrounding tissue, blood vessels, or nerves, often reducing blood flow and drug delivery |
| Metastases | a cancerous growth that has spread from its original, primary site to another part of the body, often known as Stage IV cancer |
| Momentum tumors | |
| Glioma | a malignant tumor of the glial tissue of the nervous system |
| Astrocytoma | primary brain or spinal cord tumors arising from star-shaped cells called astrocytes |
| Oligodendrocytoma | a type of primary brain or spinal cord tumor originating from oligodendrocytes |
| Neurinoma | a typically benign, slow-growing tumor that develops from Schwann cells, which form the myelin sheath insulating peripheral nerves |
| Meningioma | a tumor, usually benign, arising from meningeal tissue of the brain. |
| Focal Onset Seizure | Aware; focal to bilateral tonic-colonic; originate in one area of the brain. They are classified as either aware (formerly simple partial) or impaired awareness (formerly complex partial), lasting typically 30 seconds to 2 minutes |
| Generalized Onset Seizure | may start in one place but spreads; abnormal electrical activity in both brain hemispheres simultaneously, typically causing immediate loss of consciousness. convulsions (tonic-clonic) to brief staring spells (absence) or muscle jerks (myoclonic) |
| Unknown Onset Seizures | classification used when the start point in the brain is unknown; can't always see on an EEG |
| Grand mal seizure | Aura: signals seizure about to happen EEG shows that neural firing begins at aura; dogs alert to Tonic phase: No breathing for approx. 30 sec/depolarization Clonic phase: Diencephalic inhibition wins out/ motor/ GABA Post-ictal: Sleep for 15 minutes |
| Absence seizures | (petit mal) brief (typically <15-30 seconds) episodes of staring, impaired consciousness, and a lack of responsiveness. Primarily affecting children aged 4–12 |
| Status epilepticus | a seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes or multiple seizures without regaining consciousness in between; Significant hippocampal damage (release of too much glutamate?) – Death |
| Seizure First Aid | ease to floor, loosen tight clothing, place soft/flat under head, turn on one side (choking); move sharp objects, don't restrain, time if possible, speak calmly |
| Seizure Causes | autoimmune disorders, cerebral edema, cerebral ischemia/hypoxia, head trauma, CNS infections, congenital or developmental abnormalities, drugs/toxins, expanding intracranial lesions, hyperpyrexia, metabolic disturbances, pressure-related, withdrawal |
| Cerebrovascular Accident | CVA; stroke; a medical emergency caused by the sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to cell death and potential damage |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | Bleeding into brain; weakened blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding that damages brain tissue |
| Obstructive stroke | Prevent flow of blood=ischemia; clot or plaque blocks blood flow to the brain, cutting off oxygen and damaging brain cells – Emboli vs. Thrombi |
| thrombi | a blood clot that forms locally within a vein or artery, remaining attached to the vessel wall |
| emboli | any detached, traveling blood clot/fat/thing, plaque, air bubble, or foreign material that moves through the bloodstream until it lodges in a smaller vessel |
| Acquired Brain Injury ABI | covers ALL injuries to the brain – including both non- traumatic such as anoxic (lack of oxygen to the brain), or toxic (introduction of toxins or chemicals to the brain) and traumatic (external blows to the head from an outside source) |
| Traumatic Brain Injury TBI | particular type of acquired brain injury; it is the result of an external blow to the head; external mechanical injuries |
| Common Causes of Non Traumatic Brain Injuries | Illness (e.g. high fever); Strokes, vascular accidents, brain tumors, poisoning, metabolic disorders, strangulation, asphyxiation from near-lethal overdose, infection |
| encephalitis | West Nile virus is the leading cause of disease spread by mosquitoes (shoutout colorado) |
| TBI Biomechanics | Deceleration, Rotation (bad for brain around midbrain), Strain; Severity of Brain Injury Does not Always Predict Recovery Trajectory |
| ABI damage - oxygen | No oxygen results in sodium-potassium pump failure; Excess sodium inside cell draws water in;Inflammation triggers microglia;Microglia and astrocytes=phagocytosis to kill damaged neurons; White blood cells accumulate and can clog vessels |
| ABI damage - depolarization | Depolarization causes release of glutamate; Excessive glutamate; Excitotoxic lesions; Too much CA++ activates CA++ dependent enzymes which destroy vital molecules; Mitochondrial damage; Produce free-radicals; Oxidation, destroy proteins within cell |
| ABI Treatment | Hypothermia/hibernation—gas, fluid, etc. |
| TBI Physiological Complications | Neuroinflammation; Volume loss in Hippocampus; Length of football=slower processing speed and smaller hippocampus; Sleep problems; Obstructive Sleep Apnea; Neuroendocrine disorders (e.g. post-traumatic hypopituitarism) |
| Multiple sclerosis | 2nd most common neurological disorder (behind TBI); Immune system destroys myelin; New evidence of oligodendroctye repair; Leaves being sclerotic plaques;Diagnostic; Infection may weaken BBB and allow myelin to cross; Immune system is sensitized to myelin |
| MS factors | More women than men; Late 20’s and 30’s; Childhood far from equator; Born during late winter or spring; Tx: Car-T therapy |
| Alzheimer’s Disease | ementia; Neuritic plaques (Amyloid) & neurofibrillary tangles (tau), B Amyloid= Abnormal; Exposure to toxins, TBI, infections may trigger abnormal amyloid formation (estrogen lowers risk), ApoE allele, |
| Alzheimer's Vaccine Research | Sensitize immune system against B Amyloid; Anti-inflammatory drugs results in lower risk |
| Schizophrenia | 2.2 million, 1.1% of pop over 18 y.o. Evidence for Heritability MZ concordance 4x higher than DZ Parent—10% risk No familial history—1% risk People with Schizophrenia die 15 to 20 years earlier than the average person |
| DA Hypothesis | proposes that schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders are caused by a dysregulated, typically hyperactive, dopamine system in the brain, particularly involving excessive dopamine-receptor activation (especially) in specific pathways |
| DA Circuit Dysregulation | Chlorpromazine in 1950’s; Overactive dopaminergic pathways, Too much DA, DA agonist (cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin) OD can cause sx of schizophrenia, More release of DA in schizophrenics?, Are there more DA receptors?, Postmortem studies |
| Major Mood Disorders - Heritability | Families of persons with affective psychoses are 10x more likely to develop MDD or BMD – MZ concordance 69%, DZ 13% |
| Major mood Disorders - Neuropathology | “Hedonic pathway”=loss of 40-90% of glial cells; Hippocampal functioning decreased; HPA hyperactivity; Hippocampal neurogenesis; Explains 3-6 week lag in tx response time; Gene for lower serotonin (lower production); Drug-resistant depression |
| Major mood Disorders -Treatment | Psychotherapy; Promote neurogenesis (Exercise); Drugs=MAO inhibitors/TCA/SSRI/SNRI/Melatonin agonist; Italian study—psychotherapy (10 sessions) after 4 months of drug therapy; In 6 years, 90% relapse in control group vs. 40% experimental; Sleep! |
| SSRI/SNRI | Lower 5-HIAA in urine of suicide attempters • 20% of the below-median group committed suicide subsequently vs. 0 in the above median group • Familial relationship with 5-HIAA |
| ECT | von Meduna found pts with SZ DO had fewer psych sx – Tried drugs to induce SZ without success – Cerletti tried electricity, 1937 • From slaughterhouse experience |
| ECT - Present | Usually R hemisphere;3 tx/week up to 12 tx; Effects are rapid; 80-90% of people respond; severe/psychotic depression/mania; Short reduction in suicide risk; PET scans show down in PFC activity; Memory px; Impaired LTP in hippo; up in stress hormones |
| Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation part 1 | (rTMS and rDCS) Magnetization induces depolarization under coils;Usually DLPFC (L and R);5x/week x 6 weeks;Effectiveness is near ECT without negative effects; Cognitive especially; |
| Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation part 2 | Drugs address chemical imbalance, cannot address electrical; rTMS induces electrical activity without generating current; Restore pathways; Also researched now in CVA recovery; DBS for resistant depression |
| SAD | Lethargy, MDD sx, carb craving & weight gain, Phototherapy, 2500 lux (equivalent to open window), 2 hours, Walk outside in a.m. is best tx |
| Psilocybin | OCD, reduces anxiety and depression in terminal cancer patients |
| LSD | lysergic acid diethylamide-25—combats inflammation ("The potency is about 300 times more potent than steroidal anti-inflammatories“) |
| Ibogaine | addiction treatment |
| Ketamine | reduces the risk of suicide, treats depression, mania, and more; yale team describes secrets of 'magic' antidepressant” |
| Anxiety Disorders | 19 million people 18-54 y.o. – Panic DO, OCD, PTSD, Phobias, GAD • Panic DO – Can be triggered artificially • Caffeine • Lactic acid administration • Breathing elevated CO2 – Overactive central nucleus? – Early life stress • Rat pup study—CRF |
| Anxiety Disorders Treatment | Benzodiazepines • GABA receptors • SSRI better |
| The stress response | hypothalamus releases CRH, pituitary gland releases ACTH, Adrenal Gland releases stress hormones, increase energy release, suppresses inflammatory response, suppresses immune response, sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla (releases adrenaline/NE) |
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