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BIOL chapter 7 terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acoela | Simple bilaterian animals lacking a true body cavity and complete gut; considered basal bilaterians |
| Actiniaria | Order of Anthozoans that includes sea anemones |
| Annelida | Segmented worms with true coelom and bilateral symmetry |
| Anthozoans | Cnidarians lacking a medusa stage; exist only as polyps (e.g., corals and sea anemones) |
| Archaeocytes | Totipotent amoeboid sponge cells in the mesohyl that can differentiate into all other sponge cell types |
| Archenteron | Primitive gut formed during gastrulation; develops into the digestive tract |
| Arthropoda | Joint-legged animals with segmented bodies and chitinous exoskeleton |
| Aragonite skeleton | Calcium carbonate (aragonite) exoskeleton secreted by stony corals |
| Basal lamina | Thin extracellular matrix layer underlying epithelial cells; component of basement membrane |
| Basement membrane | Specialized extracellular matrix beneath epithelia providing structural support and tissue organization |
| Basidia | Specialized fungal reproductive structures where karyogamy and meiosis occur to produce spores |
| Basidiospores | Haploid spores produced by basidia during fungal reproduction |
| Blastocoel | Fluid-filled cavity inside the blastula |
| Blastopore | Opening formed during gastrulation; becomes mouth and/or anus depending on lineage |
| Blastula | Hollow ball of cells formed after cleavage |
| Brachiopoda | Lophophorate animals known as lamp shells |
| Calicoblastic ectoderm | Specialized ectodermal tissue in corals responsible for secreting the aragonite skeleton |
| Choanocytes | Collar cells in sponges used for feeding; homologous to choanoflagellates |
| Chordata | Animals possessing a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail at some stage |
| Cleavage | Rapid early embryonic cell divisions following fertilization |
| Cnidaria | Diploblastic radial animals possessing cnidocytes with nematocysts and a gastrovascular cavity |
| Cnidocyst | Stinging capsule organelle within a cnidocyte used for prey capture and defense |
| Collencytes / Lophocytes | Collagen-secreting sponge cells found in the mesohyl |
| Colloblasts | Adhesive glue cells used by ctenophores to capture prey |
| Comb rows (8) | Eight rows of fused cilia forming comb plates used for locomotion in ctenophores |
| Ctenophora | Diploblastic eumetazoans with true tissues, comb rows, and colloblasts |
| Cubozoans | Box jellyfish; active swimming cnidarians with complex eyes |
| Diploblastic | Having two embryonic germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm |
| Echinodermata | Marine deuterostomes with adult radial symmetry and water vascular system |
| Ectoderm | Outer embryonic germ layer |
| Ectoprocta | Bryozoans; colonial lophophorate animals |
| Endoderm | Inner embryonic germ layer that forms the gut lining |
| Eumetazoans | Animals with true tissues, basement membranes, embryonic germ layers, and organized muscle and nerve tissues |
| Gastrovascular cavity | Central cavity with single opening used for digestion and circulation; also functions as hydrostatic skeleton |
| Gastrulation | Embryonic process forming germ layers and archenteron via inward cell movement |
| Hemichordata | Deuterostome animals including acorn worms |
| Hydrostatic skeleton | Support system where muscles contract against a fluid-filled cavity for structural support |
| Hydrozoans | Cnidarians; marine forms have polyp and medusa stages, freshwater forms typically only polyp |
| Medusa | Pelagic free-swimming adult stage of many cnidarians |
| Medusozoans | Cnidarian clade including Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa that possess a medusa stage |
| Mesoglea | Gelatinous extracellular matrix layer between ectoderm and endoderm in cnidarians |
| Mesohyl | Internal gelatinous matrix of sponges containing archaeocytes, spicules, and spongin fibers |
| Metazoans | Multicellular phagotrophic heterotrophs whose cells typically form tissues |
| Mollusca | Soft-bodied invertebrates often with shell, mantle, and muscular foot |
| Nematocysts | Stinging capsules within cnidocytes used for prey capture and defense |
| Nematoda | Roundworms with complete digestive tract and pseudocoelom |
| Nerve net | Diffuse network of interconnected neurons without centralized brain, seen in cnidarians |
| Octocorallia | Anthozoans with eight-fold symmetry (sea rods, sea whips, gorgonians) |
| Opisthokonts | Clade including animals, fungi, and related protists characterized by a posterior flagellum |
| Osculum | Large opening where water exits a sponge |
| Ostium | Small pore where water enters a sponge |
| Parazoans | Animals lacking true tissues, organs, germ layers, basement membranes, and organized muscle or nerve tissues |
| Pinacocytes | Epithelial-like sponge cells forming the outer layer (pinacoderm) |
| Planula | Ciliated free-swimming larval stage of cnidarians |
| Platyhelminthes | Flatworms; acoelomate bilaterians |
| Polyp | Benthic sessile cnidarian body form with mouth facing upward |
| Porifera | Sponges; simplest animals, multicellular phagotrophic heterotrophs lacking true tissues |
| Porocytes | Tubular sponge cells forming ostia (pores) |
| Radial symmetry | Body plan organized around a central oral-aboral axis |
| Rotifera | Microscopic pseudocoelomate animals with ciliated corona |
| Scleractinia | Stony corals that secrete aragonite skeletons |
| Sclerocytes | Sponge cells that produce spicules |
| Scyphozoans | True jellyfish; primarily medusa-dominant cnidarians |
| Spicules | Microscopic skeletal elements in sponges made of silica or calcium carbonate |
| Spongin | Fibrous protein forming part of sponge skeleton |
| Spongocoel | Central cavity of a sponge |
| Spongocytes | Sponge cells that produce spongin fibers |
| Thesocytes | Reproductive sponge cells involved in gamete production |
| Totipotent | Capable of differentiating into all cell types of the organism |
| Zoantharia | Order of Anthozoans known as zoanthids |
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