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BI102 Animals
BI102 Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Characteristics of Animals | Ingestion heterotrops Eukaryotic multicellular, Develop from 2-3 embryonic germ layers No c walls only structural proteins & intracellular junctions Tissue level differentiation Sexual reprod & dev - fertilization -> blastula -> gastrula |
| Embryonic development of animals | Fertilization of sperm and egg -> zygote that undergoes cleavage to 8 c stage -> cleavage -> into blastula (hollow ball of c w/ blastocoel (fl-filled cavity)) -> gastrulation (folding) into a gastrula w/ endoderm, ectoderm, and blastopore |
| Archenteron | Blind pouch formed by gastrulation which opens to the outside via the blastopore |
| Embryonic development of animals | Zygote -> 2-c -> 4-c -> early & late morula -> blastocyst |
| How animals are characterized | Radial or bilaterial symmetry Tissue origin via gastrulation; diplobastic or triploblastic Body cavities; coelom, pseudocoelom, or acoelomates Protostome or deutrostome dev |
| Radial | Radial sliced in 4s Bilateral two-sided symm Dorsal (top)/ventral (bottom) Right/left sides Anterior (head)/posterior (tail) ends Cephalization: development of a head Cnidaria |
| Tissues | Gastrulation: embryonic tissue layers (“germ layers”) formed giving rise to tissues Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, Diploblastic - 2 germ layers Triploblastic - 3 germ layers some possess body cavity |
| Coelom | True body cavity derived from mesoderm fully lined by mesodermal tissue Ex - humans, arthropods, molluscs, annelids, and echinoderms |
| Pseudocoelom | Body cavity derived from the blastocoel (fluid filled cavity in blastula), not mesoderm Partially lined by mesoderm tissue ex - Nematoda and rotifers |
| Acoelomates | Organism w/o body cavity ex - Platyhelminthes, sponges, and cnidarians (jellyfish) |
| Protostome | Spiral & determinated cleavage dev Solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom Schizocoelous dev Blastopore becomes mouth Molluscs, annelids, anthropods |
| Deuterostome | Radial & indeterminate cleavage dev Folds of archenteron form coelom Enterocoelous dev Blastopore becomes anus Echinoderms & chordates |
| Choanoflagellates | Protists that are the closest ancestor to animals Share similar collar cell structure w/ sponges (choanocyte) that are essential for feeding, respiration, and waste removal |
| Animal phylogeny | Currently ~36 extant animal phyla recognized Two primary phylogenetic hypotheses Morphology and embryo development and molecular analysis of DNA, proteins |
| Profiera | Lack true tissue and organs Suspension or filter feeders Sessile porous body Hermaphrodites - each individual functions as male & female Choanocytes - flagellated collar cells, generate a water current thru sponge & ingest suspended food |
| Cnidaria | Sac w/ central digestive compartment Gastrovascular cavity Single opening: both mouth and anus Variations: sessile polyp and floating medusa Jellies, corals, and hydras Use tentacles armed w/ cnidocytes for defense and capturing prey |
| Cnidaria | 4 classifications Hydrozoa - free-floating both polyp & medusa stages (hydras) Scyphozoa - spherical medusa stage; most jellies Cubozoa - box-shaped medusa stage jellies Anthozoa - polyp stage only (sea anemones and most corals) |
| Bilateria | Most animals Bilateral symmetry / triploblastic dev Contains Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia |
| Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) | flattened dorsoventrally; have a gastrovascular cavity Undergo triploblastic dev as acoelomates Turbellaria (free-living flatworms) Trematoda (flukes) and Cestoda (tapeworms) |
| Turbellaria | Free-living flatworms ex- planarian Light-sensitive eyepots Centralized nerve nets |
| Trematodes | parasites in or on other animals w/ wide host range |
| Cestoda | Tapeworms Parasitic; lack digestive system Scolex (head) Proglottids (body segments) |
| Rotifers | 1st to have alimentary canal - digestive tube w/ separate mouth & anus w/in fluid-filled pseudocoelom Repr by parthenogenesis – females prod more females from unfertilized eggs Smaller than many protists, multic, and have specialized organ systems |
| Lophophorates | have lophophore, a horseshoe-shaped suspension-feeding organ w/ ciliated tentacles Ectoprocts - colonial animals that resemble plants, hard exoskeleton, some are reef builders Brachiopods - two halves of shell are dorsal and ventral not lateral |
| Ectoprocts | Colonial animals that resemble plants, hard exoskeleton, some are reef builders |
| Brachiopods | two halves of shell are dorsal and ventral not lateral |
| Molluscs | have muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda |
| Polyplacophora | Oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates Chitons |
| Gastropoda | Possess a single, spiraled shell Slugs lack a shell / have a reduced shell Torsion (twisting) Dev process Animals anus and mantle to end up above head |
| Bivalvia | Shell divided into two halves Mantle cavity - gills: feeding / gas exchange Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops |
| Cephalopoda | Carnivores Beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles (modified foot) Squids and octopuses |
| Annelids | Segmented worms Bodies are series of fused rings Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, and Hirudinea |
| Oligochaeta | Named for their relatively sparse chaetae, or bristles Made of chitin Earthworms and a variety of aquatic species Extract nutrients from soil moving thru alimentary canal Helps till the earth, making earthworms valuable to farmers |
| Polychaeta | Possess paddlelike parapodia Fx as gills Aid in locomotion Sandworms |
| Hirudinea | Blood-sucking parasites Leeches |
| Ecdysozoans | Covered by tough coat called cuticle, which is shed/molted thru ecdysis Two phyla are nematodes and arthropod |
| Lophotrochozoa | Flatworms (turbellaria trematoda cestoda) Rotifers Lophophorates (ectoprocts brachiopods) Molluscs (polyplacophora gastropoda bivalvia chephalopoda) Annelids (oligochaeta polychaeta hirudinea) |
| Nematodes | Nonsegmented pseudocoelomates covered by a tough coat (cuticle) Roundworms Found in most aquatic habitats, soil, tissues of plants, and body fluids and tissues of animals Some species: parasites of plants and animals |
| Arthropods | Segmented coelomates w/ exoskeleton (chitin) & jointed appendages (specialized) responsible for diversity & success 2/3 of known animal species All habitats of the biosphere Trilobite ancestor Open circulatory system |
| Arthropods | Body completely covered by cuticle Exoskeleton made of chitin and molts exoskeleton (ecdysis) during growth Hemolymph is circulated into spaces surrounding tissues & organs Tracheal systems and book lungs specialized for gas exchange |
| Incomplete Metamorphosis | Offspring (nymphs) resemble adults Smaller Series of molts until they reach full size Grasshoppers |
| Complete Metamorphosis | larval stages specialized for eating and growing Maggots, grubs, or caterpillars Diff appearance from adult Pupal stage (no eating but transformation): metamorphosis Larva -> Pupa -> emerging adult -> adult |
| Arthropods | Crustacea (Lobsters, crabs, crayfish, krill, barnacles) Cheliceriformes (spiders) Hexapods (insects) Myriapoda (centipedes) |
| Echinoderms | Slow-moving or sessile Thin, bumpy / spiny skin covering endoskeleton Radial anatomy evo secondarily from bilateral symm of ancestors Water vasc sys - hydraulic canals branching into tube feet - locomotion feeding gas exchange starfish sea cucumber |
| Chordates | Two subphyla of invertebrates as well as hagfishes and vertebrates Shares many features of embryonic dev w/ echinoderms |
| Metazoa | Porifiera (no symm or tissues - sponges) & Eumetazoa (symm & tissues) |
| Eumetazoa | symm & true tissues Consists of radiata (radial symm & diploblastic) and bilateria (bilateral symm & triploblastic) |
| Protostome | Lophotrochozoa (DNA similarites) and Ecdysozoa (shed leather cuticle) |
| Lophotrochozoa | Platyhelminthes (turbellaria trematoda cestoda) Rotifers Lophophorates (brachiopods & ectoderms) Annelids (oligochaeta polychaeta hirudinea) Molluscs (polyplacophora gastropoda bivalvia cephalopoda) |
| Platyhelminthes | Acoelomates Turbellaria light-sensitive eyespots, nerve nets planarian Trematodes Parasites in or on other animals, wide host range flukes Cestoda Parasitic; lack digestive sys tapeworms |
| Annelids | Oligochaeta reduced head, no poarapodia (earthworms) Polychaeta well-developed head, segments w/ parapodia Hirudinea blood sucking flatted bodies w/ reduced coelom (body cavity b/w intestinal canal and body wall) (leeches) |
| Molluscs | Polyplacophora shell w/ 8 plates, foot for locomotion, radula, no head (chiton) Gastropoda coiled or no shell, foot for locomotion, radula (snail slug) Bivalvia flat shell w/ 2 valves (clam) Cephalopoda head surrounded by grasping tentacles (squid) |
| Lophophorates | Ectoprocts- colonial animals that superficially resemble plants Hard exoskeleton encases colony & some reef builders (Sea mat) Brachiopods- superficially resemble clams & other hinge-shelled molluscs but 2 halves of shell r dorsal & ventral not lateral |
| Ecdysozoa | Nematodes - nonsegmented pseudocoelomates covered by a tough cuticle Arthropods (Cheliceriformes Myriapoda Hexapoda Crustacea) |
| Deuterostomia | Echinoderms and chordates Radial cleavage Coelom develops from archenteron (primitive gut, is the internal cavity formed during the gastrulation stage of animal embryonic development) Mouth formed opposite the blastopore |
| Archenteron | primitive gut, is the internal cavity formed during the gastrulation stage of animal embryonic development |
| Gastrovascular cavity | incomplete digestive compartment (acelomates) Cnidarians and flatworms |
| Parasitic animals | Leeches, ticks, and flukes |
| Sessile filter feeders | Porfira, jellyfish, and barnacles |
| Carnivores | Cephalophora (molluscs like squids and octopuses) Spiders (arthropods) Cnidaria (jellyfish) Chordata (lions, sharks, snakes, humans) |
| Closed circulatory system | All vertebrates, annelids, and cephalopod (squids) |
| Open circulatory system | Arthropods and most molluscs like snails, clams, and oysters |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr