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BIO101 Unit 2 Test
Term and Definition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Activation energy | Minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur |
| Active site | A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction |
| Anabolic | The metabolic process of building complex molecules from smaller ones, requiring ATP to drive growth, tissue repair, and storage |
| Anaerobic cellular respiration | A method of generating energy (ATP) without oxygen, using alternative electron acceptors in an electron transport chain |
| ATP | Primary energy currency of all living cells, acting as a rechargeable molecule molecule that stores and transports chemical energy |
| ATP synthase | Crucial multi-subunit enzyme complex that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP the primary energy currency of all cells - from ADP and Pi |
| Catabolic | The metabolic process of breaking down complex molecules like lipids and nucleic acids, into smaller, simpler units like monosaccharides and fatty acids |
| Chemiosmosis | The movement of hydrogen ions across a semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient to generate ATP |
| Citric acid cycle | Series of chemical reactions at the center of cellular metabolism that harnesses high-energy electrons from fuel sources to generate energy |
| Electron transport chain | Protein complexes and molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfers electrons from donor molecules to oxygen |
| Endergonic | A non-spontaneous chemical process where energy is absorbed |
| Enzyme | Specialized biological catalysts, usually proteins (or sometimes RNA), that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering the activation energy |
| Exergonic | A spontaneous reaction where energy is released |
| Fermentation | An aerobic metabolic process that breaks down organic molecules like glucose to produce ATP |
| Glycolysis | A 10 step anaerobic metabolic pathway occurring in the cytoskeleton that splits one 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules |
| Heat energy | The transfer of kinetic energy between molecules resulting from metabolic processes, often released as a byproduct of cellular respiration to maintain body temperature |
| Kinetic energy | The energy of motion, referring to the energy possessed by atoms, molecules and organisms |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within a living organism to maintain life, including breaking down energy and building cellular components |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | The final stage of aerobic cellular respiration in which cells generate ATP by oxidizing nutrients and utilizing energy from the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen |
| Potential energy | The energy stored within a system - specifically in chemical bonds, molecular structure, or concentration gradients |
| Substrate | A molecule that an enzyme acts upon to catalyze a chemical reaction |
| Absorption spectrum | Each type of pigment can be identified by the specific pattern of wavelengths it absorbs from visible light |
| Calvin cycle | the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules |
| Carbon fixation | The process of converting inorganic carbon dioxide gas into organic compounds |
| Chlorophyll | a green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the reactions of photosynthesis |
| Chloroplast | The organelle where photosynthesis takes place |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The range of all possible wavelengths of radiation. |
| Light-dependent reactions | The first stage of photosynthesis where visible light is absorbed to form two energy-carrying molecules (ATP and NADPH) |
| Photon | a distinct quantity or packet of light energy |
| Photosystem | A group of proteins, chlorophyll, and other pigments that are used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis to absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy |
| Pigment | A molecule that is capable of absorbing light energy |
| Stoma | The opening that regulates gas exchange and water regulation between leaves and the environment |
| Stroma | the fluid-filled space surrounding the grana inside a chloroplast where the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis take place |
| Thylakoid | A disc-shaped membranous structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place using chlorophyll embedded in membranes |
| Wavelength | the distance between two consecutive points of a wave |
| Anaphase | Centromeres split into two. Sister chromomatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles. Certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell |
| Binary fission | Produces two identical prokaryotic cells |
| Cell cycle | The ordered sequence of events that a cell passes through between one cell division and the next |
| Cell plate | a structure formed during plant-cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles fusing at the metaphase plate; will ultimately lead to formation of a cell wall to separate the two daughter cells |
| Centriole | a paired rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome |
| Cleavage furrow | a constriction formed by the actin ring during animal-cell cytokinesis that leads to cytoplasmic division |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells (animals vs. plants) |
| Diploid | describes a cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes |
| Gamete | a haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm or egg) |
| Gene | the physical and functional unit of heredity; a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific peptide or RNA molecule |
| Genome | The cells complete compliment of DNA |
| Haploid | describes a cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n) |
| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes of the same length with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes, and the members of each pair come from different parentds |
| Interphase | 90% of the cell cycle...the period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases; the interim between two consecutive cell divisions |
| Kinetochore | a protein structure in the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during peometaphase |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate. Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles |
| Mitosis | 10% division of nucleus (cytokinesis); a period of the cell cycle at which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase. metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| Mitotic phase | the period of the cell cycle when duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and the cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes mitosis and cytokinesis |
| Mitotic spindle | The microtubule apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis |
| Oncogene | Mutated proto-ocnogenes that cause a cell to become cancerous |
| Prometaphase | Chromosomes continue to condense. Kinetochores appear at the centrosomes. Mitotic spindle microtubules attach at kinetochores |
| Prophase | Chromosomes condense and become visible. Spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes. Nuclear envelope breaks down. Centrosomes move toward opposite poles |
| Proto-oncogene | Genes that code for the positive cell-cycle regulators |
| Telophase | Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense. Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle breaks down. Spindle fibers continue to push poles apart |
| Alternations of generations | A life cycle type in which the diploid and haploid stages alternate |
| Chiasmata | the structure that forms at the crossover points after genetic material is exchanged |
| Crossing over | aka recombination...the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes resulting in chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism forming reproductive cells |
| Diploid-dominant | a life cycle type in which the multicellular diploid stage is prevalent |
| Fertilization | the union of two haploid cells typically from two individual organisms |
| Germ cell | a specialized cell that produces gametes, such as egg or sperm |
| Haploid-dominant | a life cycle type in which the multicellular haploid stage is prevalent |
| Interkinesis | a period of rest that may occur between meiosis I and meiosis II; there is no replication of DNA during interkinesis |
| Karyogram | the photographic image of a karyotype |
| Karyotype | the number and appearance of an individual's chromosomes, including the size, banding patterns, and centromere position |
| Meiosis | a nuclear division process that results in four haploid cells |
| Meiosis I | the first round of meiotic cell division; referred to as reduction division because the resulting cells are haploid |
| Meiosis II | the second round of meiotic cell division following meiosis I; sister chromatids are separated from each other, and the result is four unique haploid cells |
| Monosomy | an otherwise diploid genotype in which one chromosome is missing |
| Nondisjunction | the failure in synapsed homologs to completely separate and migrate to separate poles during the first cell division of meiosis |
| Somatic cell | all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gamete-forming cells |
| Tetrad | two duplicated homologous chromosomes (four chromatids) bound together by chiasmata during prophase I |
| Trisomy | an otherwise diploid genotype in which one entire chromosome is duplicated |
Created by:
ajpatton08