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Biology Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 Domains of Life? | Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea |
| What makes Eukaryotes different from Prokaryotes? | Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotes do not. |
| What is one similarity between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? | Both have DNA, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane. |
| What type of cells are Bacteria and Archaea? | Prokaryotic |
| What is the main difference in the cell walls of Bacteria and Archaea? | Bacteria have peptidoglycan; Archaea do not. |
| What bonds are found in Bacteria membrane lipids? | Ester bonds |
| What bonds are found in Archaea membrane lipids? | Ether bonds |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | Stores hereditary information (DNA). |
| What does the nucleolus do? | Produces ribosomes. |
| What is the function of ribosomes? | Protein synthesis. |
| What is the function of the rough ER? | Produces and transports proteins. |
| What is the function of the smooth ER? | Produces lipids and detoxifies substances. |
| What does the Golgi apparatus do? | Modifies and sorts proteins. |
| What is the function of lysosomes? | Digestion and recycling of materials. |
| What is the function of mitochondria? | Cellular respiration and ATP production. |
| What is the function of chloroplasts? | Photosynthesis. |
| What is the function of the central vacuole? | Storage and plant cell growth. |
| What is the function of the cell wall? | Protection and maintaining shape. |
| Which organelle is found only in animal cells? | Centrioles |
| Which organelles are found only in plant cells? | Chloroplasts and large central vacuole. |
| What is the function of the cytoskeleton? | Maintains cell shape and aids movement. |
| What does a light microscope allow you to observe? | Living cells and cell movement. |
| What does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) allow you to observe? | Detailed 3D images of surfaces and organelles (dead samples only). |
| When would you use a light microscope instead of an SEM? | When observing living cells or cell movement. |
| When would you use an SEM instead of a light microscope? | When detailed surface structure or ultrastructure is needed. |
| Describe why the phospholipid bilayer is important to the function of the plasma membrane. | It forms a fluid, amphipathic barrier with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that allows selective permeability and proper membrane function. |
| Why must the membrane be fluid? | Membranes must be fluid to properly function, allowing proteins to move and transport to occur. |
| What keeps the membrane fluid at low temperatures? | Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails in phospholipids. |
| What helps resist changes in membrane fluidity due to temperature? | Cholesterol. |
| What is selective permeability? | The membrane allows some substances to cross more easily than others. |
| Which molecules enter the membrane quickly without assistance? | Small nonpolar molecules like O₂ and CO₂. |
| Which molecules enter slowly? | Small polar molecules like water. |
| Which molecules cannot enter without assistance? | Charged ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺) and large molecules. |
| What is tonicity? | The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water. |
| How do animal cells respond in a hypotonic solution? | They may burst from too much water entering. |
| How do plant cells respond in a hypotonic solution? | They become turgid as the central vacuole fills and presses against the cell wall. |
| Why is turgid the normal state for plant cells? | The pressure from water in the central vacuole provides structural support. |
| What is passive transport? | Movement of substances down their concentration gradient without energy. |
| What is simple diffusion? | Movement of substances directly through the membrane without assistance. |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | Movement of substances down their gradient with the help of transport proteins. |
| What is active transport? | Movement of substances against their concentration gradient using ATP. |
| What is the difference between passive and active transport? | Passive transport does not require energy; active transport requires ATP. |
| What is cotransport? | Using the diffusion of one ion down its gradient to power the movement of another substance against its gradient. |
| How do saltwater fish maintain water balance? | They drink seawater and excrete excess salt in concentrated urine. |
| How do freshwater fish maintain water balance? | They drink very little water, produce dilute urine, and actively intake salts through gills. |
| What happens if you move a freshwater fish to saltwater? | It will rapidly become dehydrated and most often die. |
| What happens if you move a saltwater fish to freshwater? | Water rushes into its cells, potentially causing bursting and shock. |
| What is a buffer? | A solution that can resist ph change. |
| What is the function of Peroxisome? | Produces hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct and turns it into water. |
| Vesicles | Small cellular containers, transports and disposes waste |
| Centrosome | Cell's microtubules are intiated |
Created by:
Erista