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chp10 anat/physio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nervous system | Network of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and cells that controls body functions and maintains homeostasis |
| Homeostasis | State of internal physiological balance in the body |
| Sensory input | Electrical impulses sent from sensory receptors to the CNS |
| Integration | Processing and interpretation of sensory information by the CNS |
| Motor output | Response sent from the CNS to muscles or glands |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | Brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord |
| Neuron | Nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses |
| Sensory neuron | Neuron that carries impulses to the CNS |
| Motor neuron | Neuron that carries impulses away from the CNS to effectors |
| Neuroglial cells (glial cells) | Support cells that protect and insulate neurons |
| Cell body | Part of neuron containing nucleus and organelles |
| Dendrites | Branches of a neuron that receive impulses |
| Axon | Long nerve fiber that transmits impulses away from the cell body |
| Myelin sheath | Fatty insulating layer surrounding axons |
| Synapse | Junction between two neurons where impulses pass |
| Synaptic cleft | Small gap between neurons at a synapse |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that carry impulses across a synapse |
| Gray matter | Unmyelinated nerve tissue made mostly of cell bodies and dendrites |
| White matter | Myelinated nerve tissue made mostly of axons |
| Meninges | Three protective connective tissue layers covering the CNS |
| Cerebrum | Largest brain region responsible for higher thinking and voluntary movement |
| Cerebellum | Brain region that controls balance and coordination |
| Diencephalon | Brain region containing thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland |
| Brain stem | Connects brain to spinal cord and controls vital functions |
| Thalamus | Brain structure that relays sensory information to the cortex |
| Hypothalamus | Controls autonomic functions and hormone regulation |
| Pineal gland | Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin |
| Midbrain | Upper part of brain stem that relays impulses |
| Pons | Brain stem structure that connects cerebellum to brain |
| Medulla oblongata | Brain stem structure controlling breathing and heart rate |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Fluid that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord |
| Spinal cord | Column of neural tissue connecting brain to body |
| Reflex | Rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus |
| Reflex arc | Neural pathway involved in a reflex action |
| Cranial nerves | Twelve pairs of nerves that connect directly to the brain |
| Spinal nerves | Thirty-one pairs of nerves connected to the spinal cord |
| Afferent nerves | Sensory nerves carrying impulses to the CNS |
| Efferent nerves | Motor nerves carrying impulses away from the CNS |
| Autonomic nervous system (ANS) | Division of PNS controlling involuntary functions |
| Sympathetic nervous system | ANS branch responsible for fight-or-flight response |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | ANS branch responsible for rest-and-digest response |
| Somatic nervous system (SNS) | Division of PNS controlling voluntary skeletal muscle movement |
| Neurohormones | Hormones released by neurons into the bloodstream |
Created by:
ush