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Mastery Quizzes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A self-corrective mechanism that underlies most homeostatic processes, in which a bodily change is detected and responses are activated that reverse the change and restore stability and preserve normal body function. | Negative Feedback |
| The study of structure | Anatomy |
| The study of function. | Physiology |
| The tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment. | Homeostasis |
| The study of the microscopic structure of tissues and organs. | Histology |
| Bodily structure that can be observed without magnification. | Gross Anatomy |
| Physical support, cellular movement, and routing of molecules and organelles to their destinations within the cell. | Cytoskeleton |
| Houses and protects DNA. | Nucleus |
| Synthesizes proteins. | Ribosomes |
| Synthesizes ATP. | Mitochondria |
| Breaks down molecules, digests and recycles organelles, and digests bacterial cells. | Lysosomes |
| Controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell. | Plasma membrane |
| related to passive transport, or membrane transport that do not use ATP. | Filtration, Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis |
| Extracellular material | Matrix |
| Microscopic anatomy | Histology |
| Dead cells that are packed with a durable protein. | Keratinized |
| The ability of a cell to respond to a stimulus. | Excitability |
| A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role. | Tissue |
| The deeper of the two layers of the skin. | Dermis |
| Layer beneath the skin (a.k.a.subcutaneous tissue). | Hypodermis |
| Superficial layer of the skin. | Epidermis |
| Skin with an epidermis layer about 0.1 mm thick and a thin stratum corneum. | Thin skin |
| Skin with an epidermis layer about 0.5 mm thick and a very developed stratum corneum. | Thick skin |
| A cell of the epidermis that synthesizes melanin. | Melanocytes |
| Put the strata of the epidermis in order from deep to superficial. | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
| Mineralization or Calcification | Hardening process of bone. |
| Epiphyseal plate | Growth zone for bone elongation. |
| Ossification | Process of bone formation |
| Osteoblasts | Bone-forming cells. |
| Osseous Tissue | Bone Tissue |
| Endochondral Ossification | Process in which a bone develops from a preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage. |
| Intramembranous Ossification | Process by which flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle forms. |
| vertebrae | Irregular bone |
| Sternum | Flat bone |
| carpals | Short bone |
| Femur | Long bone |
| Scapula | Flat bone |
| Tarsals | Short bone |
| Calcitonin secretion | Blood calcium levels in excess Hypercalcemia |
| Parathyroid hormone secretion | Hypocalcemia Blood calcium levels deficient |
| The tendency of a stretched structure to return to its original dimensions when tension is released. | Elasticity |
| Ability to stretch again between contractions. | Extensibility |
| The ability of a cell to respond to a stimulus. | Excitability |
| The movement of a local electrical change. | Conductivity |
| The ability to shorten substantially when stimulated. | Contractility |
| Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber. | Sarcolemma |
| Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber. | Sarcoplasm |
| Protein microfilaments of three different kinds: thin filaments, thick filaments, or elastic filaments. | Myofilaments |
| Infoldings of the sarcolemma, which penetrate through the cell. | Transverse (T) tubules |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers. | Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) |
| Dilated end-sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. | Terminal cisternae |
| Which characteristics are seen in skeletal muscles? | Endomysium, Epimysium, Multinucleated, Perimysium, Striations |
| Small organic molecules that are released when a nerve signal reaches a synaptic knob, then bind to a receptor on another cell and alter that cell's physiology. | Neurotransmitter |
| Consists of nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. | Peripheral Nervous System |
| A bundles of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue. | Nerve |
| Carrying towards | Afferent |
| A knot like swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated. | Ganglion |
| Cells that protect the neuron and help them function. | Neuroglia |
| Consists of the brain and the spinal cord. | Central Nervous System |
| the refractory period | The few milliseconds after an action potential where it is difficult or impossible to stimulate that region of a neuron to fire again. |
| Gray matter | Layer of tissue in the central nervous system where the neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses are found. |
| Cerebral lateralization | Refers to how some neural functions, or cognitive processes tend to be more dominant in one hemisphere than the other |
| Ventricles | A fluid filled chamber of the brain or heart. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | A clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals that bathes the external surface of the CNS. |
| Cognition | The range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge. |
| Arachnoid Mater | The thin, web-like middle layer of the meninges that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord; it encloses the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that cushions the central nervous system. |
| Pia Mater | The thin, delicate innermost layer of the meninges that tightly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, following their contours and containing blood vessels that help nourish nervous tissue. |
| Dura Mater | The tough, outermost layer of the meninges that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, providing structural support and protection by forming a durable covering around the central nervous system. |
| Meninges | Three fibrous membranes between the central nervous system and surrounding bone. |
| Myelination | the process by which glial cells wrap axons with a fatty insulating layer called myelin, which increases the speed and efficiency of electrical signal conduction in the nervous system. |
| the 5 lobes of the cerebrum | Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Frontal Lobe, Insula, Temporal Lobe |
| Promotes energy-saving activities. | Parasympathetic Division |
| Accelerates heart | Sympathetic Division |
| Promotes energy-consuming activities. | Sympathetic Division |
| Stimulates stomach, pancreas, and intestines | Parasympathetic Division |
| Dilates pupils | Sympathetic Division |
| Thermoreceptors | Specific receptors that respond to heat and cold. |
| Mechanoreceptors | Specific receptors that respond to physical deformation of a cell or tissue caused by vibration, touch, pressure, stretch, or tension. |
| Chemoreceptors | Specific receptors that respond to chemicals. |
| receptor | Any structure specialized to detect a stimulus. |
| Photoreceptors | Specific receptors that respond to light. |
| Sense organ | A structure that combines nervous tissue with other tissues that enhance the response to a certain type of stimulus. |
| Order the following components as light would pass them upon entering the eye | cornea, aqueous humor, iris, lens, vitreous humor, retina |
Created by:
corty.19