Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
E&A Lec Exam #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is solid phase of water? | a mineral |
| what two basic cycles are glaciers apart of? | hydrologic cycle & rock cycle |
| what is a glacier | a think mass of ice that originates on land from the accumulation, compaction, and recrystallization of snow |
| what is ice in the ocean known as | iceberg or sea ice. not a glacier |
| what are the two types of glaciers | valley(alpine) & ice sheets |
| valley (alpine) glaciers | exist in mountains areas & they flow down a valley from an accumulation center at its head |
| Ice sheets | larger scale than valley glaciers & are major in greenland and antarctica. |
| what way will glaciers flow | downhill under gravity |
| which glacier is the smallest of the two | alpine is smaller than ice sheets |
| which way do ice sheet glaciers move | out radically, flow in all directions |
| what are ice sheets often called | continental ice sheets |
| what are the two basic types of movement for glaciers | plastic flow and basal slip |
| what is plastic flow | occurs when you get about 50 meters below the surface of glacier |
| what is a basal slip | occurs as the base of the glacier where melt water lubricates the base of the glacier and it slips |
| high pressure cause the ice to be more fluid what is this known as | plasticity |
| what causes crevasses to form in brittle ice | tension |
| what are crevasses | very deep & very steep |
| what happens if you fall in a crevasses | you can not get out without help |
| why do average velocities vary considerably from one glacier to another | temperature, waste, and movement |
| what is the zone accumulation | the area where a glacier forms |
| why does the elevation of the snowline varies greatly | depends against season we get, temp, etc |
| zone of wastage | the area when there is a net less to the glacier due to melting and calving |
| what is ablation | loss |
| calving | the breaking off of large pieces of ice |
| glacial budget | balance between accumulation at the upper end of the glacier and loss at the lower end |
| accumulation<ablation | retreat |
| accumulation=ablation | stationary |
| accumulation>ablation | advance |
| what is the rhone glacier study | fastest at center because the friction at the wall slows things down |
| what is plucking | lifting of rocks |
| what are glaciers capable of | great erosion and sediment transport |
| what are the two ways glaciers erode the land | plucking & abrasion |
| what is abrasion | rocks within the ice acting like sandpaper to smooth and polish the surface below |
| what does glacial abrasion produces | rock flour & glacial striations |
| what is rock flour | pulverized rock (fine like baking soda) |
| what is glacial striations | grooves in the bedrock |
| what are the erosional features of glaciated valleys | hanging valleys, cirques, u-shaped valleys, fiords, aretes, horns |
| what are hanging valleys shaped like | U or V shaped |
| what are cirques shaped like | circular or U shaped |
| what are fiords | deep & steep |
| what are aretes | ridges |
| what are horns | formed from erosion on at least 3 sides |
| where is the famous horn | Europe and called Matterhorn |
| what is an iconic example of glaciated alpine | Yosemite valley |
| glacial drifts | refers to all sediments of glacial origin |
| what are types of glacial drift | till and stratified |
| what is till | material that is deposited directly by the ice. its unsorted, all sizes, and unstratifed |
| stratified drift | sediment laid down by glacial meltwater |
| what landforms are made of till | moraines |
| what are moraines | layers or ridges of till |
| what are moraines produced by alpine glaciers | lateral and medial |
| what is a lateral moraine | building up on side |
| what is medial moraine | down middle |
| what is end moraine | terminal or recessional |
| what are eskers | curvy |
| what is drumlin field | shows which glacier is moving & huge & looks like a upside down canoe |
| recessional moraine | goes back and forth |
| terminal moraine | farther advancements |
| kettle lake | depression |
| ground moraine | moves faster than recessional and terminal |
| where is a drumlin located | upstate new york |
| what landforms are made of stratified drifts | outwash plains and valley trains |
| broad ramp | surface composed of stratified drift deposited by meltwater leaving a glacier |
| kames | little hill shaped |
| when did ice age happen | 2 to 3 million years ago |
| how much ice covers earths land | 30% |
| what is the maximum amount of ice that covers earth today | 10% |
| how much faster is ice melting than year ago | 36% |
| most of the major glacial episodes occurred during a division of geologic time | pleistocene epoch |
| what are some indirect effects of ice age glaciers | migration of animals and plants, changes in stream courses, rebounding upwards of the crust in former centers of ice accumulation, worldwide change in sea level, climatic change |
| what is extinct | Wooley mammoth and Wooley rhino |
| how much does dry regions cover earths land | 30% |
| desert | less than 10% of precipitation a year |
| steppe | less than 20% precipitation a year |
| where do you normally find steppe | around deserts |
| dry land are concentrated in two regions what are they | subtropics & middle latitudes |
| subtropics | low latitude, north and south of equator, areas of high pressure and sinking air |
| middle latitude | located in deep interiors of continents |
| rainshadow desert | high mountains in the path of the prevailing winds |
| ephemeral | carry water only during periods of rainfall |
| desert streams are what | ephemeral |
| where are basins and range | out west |
| where are basins | lower ground |
| where are ranges | high ground |
| alluvial fans | depositions land forms |
| bajadas | alluvial fans side by side |
| playas and playa lakes | salt left behind coasting basin |
| what are inselbergs | isolated erosional remnants |
| where are inselbergs located | southwest |
| what is the dust bowl | a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the american and canadian prairies during 1930s |
| wind can move sand like rolling and summersalt is called | saltation |
| bedload | contact with ground |
| suspended load | able to carry very very small particles through wind |
| what place close to us have prairie mounds | hamburg |
| what cause prairie mounds | deflation |
| what do deflation produces | blow outs |
| deflation | lifting of loose material |
| blowouts | shallow depression |
| desert pavement | a surface of coarse pebbles and cobbles |
| where are sand dunes | western united states |
| what are dunes | mounds or ridges of sand often asymmetrically shaped |
| slip face | windward slope gently inclined and the leeward slope |
| leeward | steep |
| what are the two type of wind deposits | dune and loess |
| loess | blankets of windblown silt |
| crowley ridge is a what | loess deposit |
| what state has loess | mississppi |
| what is the earth often referred to as | blue planet |
| ____ percent of earth's surface is represented by oceans and marginal seas | 70% |
| what percent of island and continents comprise the eartg | 30% |
| what is northern hemisphere called | land hemisphere |
| what is the southern hemisphere called | water hemisphere |
| what are the 4 main ocean basins | pacific, atlantic, indian, and arctic |
| pacific ocean | the largest and has the greatest depth |
| Atlantic ocean | about half the size of the pacific and not quite as deep |
| Indian ocean | slightly smaller than the Atlantic, largely a southern hemisphere body |
| arctic ocean | about 7% the size of the pacific |
| salinity | total amount of solid material dissolved in water |
| what is salinity typically expressed as | % |
| dissolved substances in seawater are small numbers and are expressed in what | parts per thousand |
| what is most of the salt in seawater | sodium chloride which is table salt |
| what is halite | |
| how much salinity is in seawater | 35% or 3.5% |
| what are the sources of sea salts | chemical weathering and earth interior |
| volcanic eruptions is a process known as what | outgassing |
| what coasts are passive and have nice continental margins | gulf and east |
| where is a passive continental margin | off the coast of new york |
| continental slope | marks the seaweed edge of the continental shelf |
| submarine canyons | flooded extension of river valley but now underwater |
| what are turbidity currents | filled with sediment laden water |
| turbidites | rock structure |
| where are some turbidites located in arkansas | lake degray |
| continental rise | found in regions where trenches are absent |
| deep sea fans | |
| deep ocean trench | slope that descends abruptly, deepest location on planet |
| accretionary wedges | accumulations of deformed sediment and scraps of ocean crust |
| deep ocean trenches | long, narrow, deep part of ocean, mostly located in pacific ocean |
| volcanic islands arcs | volcanos in middle of the ocean caused by conversion plate boundary |
| abyssal plains | most level places on earth, sites of think accumulations of sediments |
| seamounts | peak above sea level |
| guyots/tablemounts | sink and form flat topped seamounts |
| mid ocean ridge | consist layer upon layer of basaltic rocks that have been faulted and uplifted |
| mid atlantic ridge | slap separates |
| rift valleys | along the axis of some segments are deep downfaulted structures |
| what is the most common sediment on the deep ocean floor | mud, red clay type |
| terrigenous sediment | material weathered from continental rocks and is normally around passive margins |
| biogenous sediment | shells and skeletons of marine animals and plants |
| calcareous oozes | most common biogenours sediment |
| siliceous oozes | composed of skeletons of diatoms and radiolarians |
| phosphate rich material | derived from the bones, teeth, and scales of fish and other marine organisms |
| what type of ooze is FORAMINIFERA | calcareous |
| what type of ooze is RADIOLARIANS | siliceous |
| hydrogenous sediment | minerals that crystallize directly from seawater |
| what do manganese nodules look like | knob looking |
| what is calcium carbonates | black smoke or vent on ocean floor |
| ocean currents | masses of water that flow from one region to another |
| surface currents | develop from friction between the ocean and the wind that blows across the surface |
| gyres | huge, slowly moving, curve |
| what are the five main gyres | north pacific, south pacific, north Atlantic, south Atlantic, indian |
| coriolis effect | has to do with earth being sphere |
| what tends to be a moderator of temperature | water |
| where is sargasso sea located | north atlantic |
| upwelling | the rising of cold water from deeper layers |
| wave height | distance between a trough and crest |
| wavelength | horizontal distance between successive crests |
| wave period | the time interval for one full wave to pass a fixed position |
| wave base | 1/2 of wavelength |
| wave height, length, and period depend on | wind speed and length of time the wind blows |
| fetch | the distance that the wind travels |
| black sand(basalt) is where | hawaii and pebble beach(california) |
| wave refraction | bending of waves |
| headland | wave energy is concentrated against the sides and ends |
| beach drift | sediment moves in a zigzag pattern along the beach face |
| rip tide current is where | gulf shores, alabama |
| how many have been rescued in 2012 due to gulf shores rip tides | 20 |
| what are rip currents | powerful currents of water moving away from shore |
| what do you do if you are caught in a rip current | relax, dont swim against, swim to shore, float or tread water, yell or wave |
| where is a sea stack & sea arch | baja pennisula, mexico |
| spit | a ridge of sand extending from the land into the mouth of an adjacent bay with an end that often hooks landward |
| baymouth bar | a sand bar that completely crosses a bay |
| tombolo | a ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland |
| hard stabilization | building structures |
| groins | barriers built at a right angle to the beach that are designed to trap sand |
| breakwaters | barriers built offshore and parallel to the coast to protect boats from breaking waves |
| seawalls | armors the coast against the force of breaking waves |
| beach nourishment | a temporary feature. adding sand to the beach system |
| emergent coastline | big sur, california |
| estuaries | drowned river mouths |
| spring tides | during new and full moons |
| neap tides | first and third quarters of the moon |
| diaurnal tidal pattern | a single high and low tide each tidal day |
| semidiaurnal tidal pattern | two high and two low tides each tidal day |
| mixed tidal pattern | two high and two low water each day |
| flood current | advances into the coastal zone |
| ebb current | seaward moving water |
| what are tidal deltas created by | tidal currents |
Created by:
josey edwards 11