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US History Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Between the third and ninth centuries, this empire founded some 50 urban centers scattered throughout the Yucatán Peninsula, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras. | Mayan |
| About 15,000 years ago B.P., which land bridge was used by migrants to cross between Siberia and Alaska? | Bering Strait |
| The distinctive feature of Iroquois and Huron architecture was not the temple mound, but the | Longhouse |
| One of the main reasons that Native Americans lacked as effective immune systems as Eurasians was because | No large domesticated animals lived in the Americas |
| The first inhabitants of the Americas hunted a vast array of huge mammals like mammoths and giant bison, otherwise known as | Megafauna |
| ________ was the port city and hub of the Mississippian trading network. | Cahokia |
| The Natchez practiced a form of kinship in which this people owned land, tools, and even children. | Women |
| The Algonquians were part of which group? | Eastern Woodlands |
| Most modern archeologists would agree that the earliest inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere came from which of the following areas of the world? | Asia |
| The emergence of new _________—climates, waterways, and land environments in which humans interacted with other animals and plants—made for even greater diversity in the Americas | Ecosystems |
| What has proved to be the most important contribution of Native Americans to the course of human history? | The manipulation of plants for agriculture |
| Why were Native Americans spared the effects of most of the world's communicable diseases until contact with the Europeans in 1492? | Until that time, they had not domesticated any animals |
| This gave people in the Southwest and the Eastern Woodlands the security necessary to develop complex societies | Agriculture |
| What food, developed by Native Americans, forms the center of the contemporary American diet? | Corn |
| The ________ lived along the Atlantic seaboard and the Great Lakes, in communities smaller than those of either the Muskogeans or the Iroquois. | Algonquians |
| The Mississippian people were from the | Eastern Woodland |
| One of the major logistical obstacles that hindered New World agriculture and advancement in comparison to the Old World was | Communication and technology |
| The adoption of ________ gave people in the Southwest and the Eastern Woodlands the security necessary to develop complex societies. | Agriculture |
| The most powerful, most advanced, and richest society in the world around 1450 was | China |
| This nation led the way in exploring beyond Europe's known waters using the caravel, a lighter, more maneuverable ship | Portugal |
| By the mid-1500s, the biggest source of Spanish wealth from the New World came from | Silver |
| Why did the Ottoman occupation of Constantinople in 1453 cause such alarm among Europeans? | Most of the continent was still fractured and vulnerable to the Ottomans' military might |
| What was the significance of the Florentine geographer Amerigo Vespucci? | He recognized that the landmasses that Columbus had encountered were not Asia but "a new world." |
| Which of the following distinguished Aztecs from Spaniards? | The Aztecs lacked the necessary knowledge for ocean navigation |
| Which of the following best describes the African societies that Portuguese traders encountered in the second half of the fifteenth century? | They needed to trade with Europeans but also wanted to protect their own commercial networks |
| What were the main political dimensions of John Calvin's teachings? | Calvin urged Christians to change society and government to conform with the Bible |
| What momentous event, which occurred throughout Europe, distracted England from pursuing empire in the 1500s? | The Reformation |
| A virgin soil epidemics occur when | The population at risk has had no previous contact with the disease and is therefore almost immunologically defenseless |
| The oldest continuously occupied non-native settlement in the United States is | St. Augustine, Florida |
| While most accounts begin with Spanish penetration of the Caribbean and Central America, this chapter begins with the second pathway across the Atlantic, followed by seafarers from England, France, and Portugal to fish off the island of | Newfoundland |
| What did Puritans demand of the Church of England? | They were calling for the removal of bishops and all Catholic ceremonies |
| What was novel about Martin Luther's attack on the Catholic Church? | Luther protested with a unique passion and force |
| Hernán Cortés was the conquistador who conquered the great empire of the | Aztecs |
| Which of the following was the biggest factor in the early and rapid success of the conquistadors against Native Americans? | The infectious diseases brought by the Spanish |
| The English model of conquest and slaughter did not begin in the Americas. The precedent was set in | Ireland |
| King Henry VIII of England broke with the pope, establishing the Church of England and appointing himself its head. The Church of England | Remained essentially Catholic |
| Which of the following is true about the Church of England as formed by King Henry VIII? | Apart from its removal of the pope as religious head, it remained essentially Catholic in its teachings and rituals |
| The first European power to explore North America's interior were the | Spanish |
| The primary objective of mercantilism was to | Build national self-sufficiency through a favorable balance of trade |
| The phase of the enslavement process after slaves had been procured along the African coast and before they were sold in the Americas involved a long sea voyage across the Atlantic known as the | The Middle Passage |
| British authorities based their colonial trade policies, as embodied in the Navigation Acts, on the theory of | mercantilism: insuring self-sufficiency by monopolizing trade |
| What economic model did the colonists of Carolina use when establishing the colony? | Cash crops tended by African slaves |
| Why did colonial promoters and planters prefer English servants over African slaves in the first half of the 1600s? | Slaves were more expensive than servants, and neither slaves nor servants lived long |
| What created the conditions of unrest that led to local rebellions in the Chesapeake? | Diminishing economic opportunity |
| Women in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake | Had a good chance of improving their status through marriage |
| The principal institution used by the Spanish to incorporate natives into colonial society was the | Mission |
| One of the differences between South Carolina and the Chesapeake was that | Wealthy South Carolina planters grew rice; the Chesapeake gentry were primarily tobacco growers and brokers |
| Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of immigrants to Virginia during the tobacco boom of the 1620s? | Nearly all were recruited from peasant villages where they had lived all their lives |
| English settlements in the West Indies had the greatest influence upon the development of the mainland colonies of | The Carolinas |
| In 1618, the Virginia Company began the tradition of self-government in America by authorizing a representative assembly called the | House of Burgesses |
| In an effort to ensure that his American colonies contributed to England's prosperity, King Charles II initiated a series of regulations known as the | Navigation Acts |
| The ________ was founded both as a military buffer and a philanthropic enterprise | Colony of Georgia |
| while demand for slaves in Chesapeake played some role in the large growth of the Atlantic slave trade from mid1500s and late 1800s, the spread of plantation economies in other places that sustained the traffic in people. Which were these other places? | The Caribbean and South America |
| What was the most lucrative New World product by the later 1600s? | Sugar |
| This was an innovation that allowed investors to share and spread the risks of overseas investments | Joint stock company |
| What transformed the Caribbean almost overnight in the 1640s? | Sugar cultivation and processing |
| Which of the following best summarizes the main goal of early New England settlers? | Establish tightly knit communities like those left behind in England |
| Which of the following was NOT a reason that Pennsylvania quickly prospered? | Parliament's generous subsidy |
| Which of the following statements best assesses the situation of the English colonies on the North American continent in 1700? | They were becoming more firmly rooted societies |
| By the early 1700s, the city of ________ was becoming the commercial and cultural center of the British empire in North America | Philadelphia |
| The dominant Indian group on the northern frontier was the ________, a united confederacy of five (later six) tribes | Iroquois |
| As compared to the English Puritans who settled New England, French settlers were | few in number |
| James II attempted to centralize royal authority in America by creating | The Dominion of New England |
| Which of the following responsibilities rested on colonial assemblies in the early eighteenth century? | To make laws |
| All of the following, at one time or another, were objectives of the French effort in North America, EXCEPT | Finding a place to resettle dissident French Protestants |
| In the early 1600s, migrants to New England differed from those who went to the Chesapeake in that | New Englanders immigrated in family groups |
| The "Mayflower Compact" of the Pilgrim Separatists was | A framework for government devised without a legal basis to do so |
| All of the following, at one time or another, were objectives of the French effort in North America, EXCEPT | Finding a place to resettle dissident French Protestants |
| The main corridor of French imperial penetration into North America was the ________ River | St. Lawrence |
| In the early decades of New England settlement, new colonies in adjacent areas were often founded because of | Religious differences |
| Why has one historian described the pilgrims as the "beneficiaries of catastrophe"? | They arrived in a region that had been devastated by a massive epidemic disease just four years earlier |
| The "praying towns" were | villages established exclusively for Christian Indians |
| Which of the following statements best assesses the significance of the Glorious Revolution of 1688? | It asserted Parliament's supreme authority |
| Why did Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island, denounce the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony? | The king had no right to grant land that he had not purchased from the natives |
| Which of the following best describes William Penn's goal for his colony? | To form a refuge for Quakers, while providing quitrents for himself |
| The Dutch colony of New Netherland was marked by | great ethnic and religious diversity |
| The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave Britain title to all French claims | East of the Mississippi, and Spanish Florida |
| Whose defeat at the makeshift defensive structure known as Fort Necessity began the Seven Years' War? | George Washington |
| William Pitt was | Both the organizer of British victory in the Seven Years' War, and relatively sympathetic to American protests during the years after the Seven Years' War |
| According to the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763, French holdings in North America west of the Mississippi were to be part of the empire of ________. | Spain |
| The Seven Years' War pitted Britain against France in a struggle to control what region of North America? | Ohio Country |
| ________ was an intellectual movement in both Europe and America that celebrated the power of human reason | Enlightenment |
| Even though slavery communities built elaborate kinship networks by the middle of the eighteenth century, black families remained most vulnerable to | Being sold apart |
| The boy preacher from England who stirred revival fires up and down the colonial seaboard was ________ | George Whitefield |
| What was the main benefit of the task system for slaves? | Their day was done once their assignments were completed |
| Which group dominated the political and economic life of the seaport towns? | Merchants |
| Three distinctive communities existed in eighteenth-century America. These include all of the following EXCEPT | Urban seaport communities, Plantation communities (both masters and slaves), Raw frontier pioneer farms. But not Mill towns |
| The Great Awakening can best be described by which of the following statements? | It was an emotional revivalist movement, which had its greatest impact both in the coastal regions and the backcountry |
| Regarding the effects of the Great Awakening | It caused many northern churches to bicker and splinter, Americans became more sharply polarized along religious lines, and Many westerners embraced evangelical Protestantism and swelled the denominations of the Baptists and the Presbyterians |
| The three largest groups of non-English immigrants coming to the American colonies in the 1700s were | Africans, Scots-Irish, and Germans |
| ________ differences heightened sectional tensions between the seaboard's established communities and the frontiers. | Ethnic |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons the American population grew dramatically in the 1700s? | Absorption of French and Spanish colonials as the British empire expanded |
| Americans in the 1750s liked to think that their colonial governments | Mirrored the ideal English constitution |
| Like many devotees of the Enlightenment, Benjamin Franklin of Philadelphia was most impressed by its emphasis on | Useful knowledge |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true about slave communities on southern plantations? | With few slaves imported directly from Africa, African folkways soon disappeared |
| What was the grandest and most populous city in mid-eighteenth-century British North America? | Philadelphia |
| Most eighteenth-century French American settlers lived | Along the St. Lawrence River |
| Maroons were | Groups of escaped slaves who fled to the frontier |
| ________ was the Spanish empire's last major colonial project in North America. | California |
| Which of the following immigrant groups in eighteenth-century British North America was the smallest? | Swiss |
| What was the primary reason so many families migrated into the backcountry? | To obtain land |
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