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period 7 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Alfred Thayer Mahan | naval officer who argued that sea power was key to national strength and expansion |
| Queen Liliuokalani | last ruler of Hawaii overthrown by American business interests |
| Pan-American Conference | meeting of American nations to promote trade and cooperation |
| jingoism | aggressive nationalism favoring war and expansion |
| Cuban Revolt | uprising of Cubans against Spanish rule in the 1890s |
| Yellow Journalism | exaggerated reporting used to stir public support for war |
| De Lome letter | letter criticizing President McKinley that angered Americans |
| Teller Amendment | promise that the US would not annex Cuba after the Spanish American War |
| Platt Amendment | law allowing US intervention in Cuba and control over Guantanamo Bay |
| sphere of influence | area where a foreign nation controls trade and investment |
| George Dewey | naval commander who defeated Spain in the Philippines |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | Filipino leader who fought against Spain and later the US |
| Rough Riders | volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt in Cuba |
| Hawaii | Pacific islands annexed by the US for strategic and economic reasons |
| Theodore Roosevelt | president known for progressive reforms and strong foreign policy |
| Open Door Policy | policy promoting equal trade access in China |
| Boxer Rebellion | Chinese uprising against foreign influence |
| Panama Canal | waterway built by the US connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans |
| William Howard Taft | president who promoted Dollar Diplomacy |
| Dollar Diplomacy | foreign policy encouraging investment to extend US influence |
| Roosevelt Corollary | extension of the Monroe Doctrine allowing US intervention in Latin America |
| Russo-Japanese War | conflict between Russia and Japan mediated by Roosevelt |
| Puerto Rico | Caribbean island acquired by the US after the Spanish American War |
| Woodrow Wilson | president during World War I who promoted Moral Diplomacy |
| Moral Diplomacy | foreign policy supporting democracy and moral principles |
| Pragmatism | philosophy focusing on practical solutions and results |
| Ida Tarbell | journalist who exposed corruption in Standard Oil |
| Jacob Riis | photographer who revealed poor living conditions in cities |
| Muckrakers | journalists who exposed social and political corruption |
| Florence Kelley | reformer who worked for labor and child protection laws |
| Triangle Shirtwaist fire | factory fire that led to workplace safety reforms |
| 16th Amendment | amendment allowing a federal income tax |
| 17th Amendment | amendment providing direct election of senators |
| 18th Amendment | amendment establishing prohibition of alcohol |
| Square Deal | Roosevelt program promoting fairness in business labor and consumers |
| Mann-Elkins Act | law strengthening federal regulation of railroads and utilities |
| The Jungle Upton Sinclair | novel exposing unsanitary conditions in meatpacking industry |
| Bull Moose Party | Progressive Party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 |
| Booker T Washington | African American leader who supported vocational education |
| WEB Du Bois | civil rights leader who demanded full equality and higher education |
| NAACP | organization formed to fight racial discrimination |
| Alice Paul | suffragist who pushed for womens voting rights |
| 19th Amendment | amendment granting women the right to vote |
| Lusitania | British ship sunk by Germany helping push US toward war |
| Preparedness | movement to build up US military before entering World War I |
| Zimmerman Telegram | German message proposing alliance with Mexico against the US |
| John J Pershing | general who led American forces in World War I |
| George Creel | leader of propaganda efforts during World War I |
| Bolsheviks | Russian revolutionary group that took power in 1917 |
| Fourteen Points | Wilson plan outlining principles for peace after World War I |
| League of Nations | international organization created to maintain peace |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | senator who opposed US membership in the League of Nations |
| self-determination | right of nations to choose their own government |
| Reparations | payments demanded from Germany after World War I |
| mobilization | process of preparing troops and resources for war |
| Liberty Bonds | government bonds sold to finance World War I |
| Spanish Flu | deadly influenza pandemic after World War I |
| Schenck v United States | Supreme Court case limiting free speech during wartime |
| Selective Service Act | law requiring men to register for military draft |
| The Red Scare 1st | fear of communism in the US after World War I |
| Palmer Raids | government raids targeting suspected radicals |
| Nativism | preference for native born Americans and opposition to immigrants |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | Italian immigrants controversially executed for murder |
| The Great Migration | movement of African Americans to northern cities |
| Fundamentalism | belief in strict literal interpretation of religious texts |
| Traditionalism | support for established customs and values |
| Henry Ford | industrialist who popularized mass production of automobiles |
| Assembly Line Process | production method where workers perform repetitive tasks |
| Art Deco | decorative style reflecting modern industrial culture |
| Charles Lindbergh | aviator who completed first solo nonstop transatlantic flight |
| Modernism | movement embracing new ideas and cultural change |
| Scopes Trial | court case over teaching evolution in Tennessee |
| Scarface Al Capone | gangster associated with organized crime during prohibition |
| Margaret Sanger | activist who promoted birth control access |
| Harlem Renaissance | cultural movement celebrating African American art and literature |
| Jazz Age | term describing the cultural vibrancy of the 1920s |
| Marcus Garvey | leader promoting Black pride and economic independence |
| Warren G Harding | president who promised a return to normalcy |
| Return to Normalcy | call to return to prewar life after World War I |
| Teapot Dome | scandal involving secret leasing of oil reserves |
| Calvin Coolidge | president who favored limited government and business growth |
| Herbert Hoover | president at the start of the Great Depression |
| Alfred E Smith | Democratic candidate who lost the 1928 presidential election |
| Great Depression | severe economic downturn beginning in 1929 |
| Black Tuesday | stock market crash marking start of the Depression |
| Federal Reserve | central banking system controlling US monetary policy |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | high tariff that worsened global trade during the Depression |
| Bonus Army Bonus March | protest by veterans demanding early bonus payments |
| RFC Reconstruction Finance Corporation | agency providing loans to banks and businesses |
| Franklin D Roosevelt | president who created the New Deal programs |
| 21st Amendment | amendment repealing prohibition |
| Three Rs | relief recovery reform goals of the New Deal |
| First New Deal | initial set of programs to address the Depression |
| Fireside Chats | radio addresses by Roosevelt to reassure Americans |
| AAA | program paying farmers to reduce crop production |
| PWA | agency funding large public works projects |
| CCC | program providing jobs for young men in conservation work |
| TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) | agency providing electricity and development in the Tennessee Valley |
| NRA (National Recovery Administration) | agency setting fair business practices and labor standards |
| SEC (Security and Exchange Commission) | agency regulating the stock market |
| FHA (Federal Housing Agency) | agency insuring home loans |
| CWA (Communications Workers of America) | program providing short term public jobs |
| WPA (Works Progress Administration) | agency employing millions in public projects |
| FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corp) | agency insuring bank deposits |
| Social Security Act | law providing pensions and unemployment insurance |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | first lady who supported civil rights and social reform |
| Huey P Long | politician who proposed wealth redistribution |
| Father Charles E Coughlin | radio priest criticizing New Deal policies |
| Dr Francis E Townsend | reformer proposing pensions for the elderly |
| Share the Wealth Program | Long plan to redistribute income |
| Second New Deal | later reforms expanding social welfare programs |
| Court Reorganization Plan | Roosevelt proposal to add justices to the Supreme Court |
| Fair Labor Standards Act | law setting minimum wage and maximum hours |
| Dust Bowl | severe drought damaging Great Plains farms |
| Okies | migrants from the Dust Bowl region |
| Indian Reorganization Act | law restoring tribal self government |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | agreement renouncing war as national policy |
| Dawes Plan | plan restructuring German reparations payments |
| Good Neighbor Policy | policy improving relations with Latin America |
| Fascism | authoritarian system emphasizing nationalism and dictatorship |
| Benito Mussolini | fascist dictator of Italy |
| Adolf Hitler | leader of Nazi Germany |
| Nazi Party | German political party promoting fascism and racial ideology |
| Isolationism | policy of avoiding foreign alliances and conflicts |
| Neutrality Acts | laws restricting US involvement in foreign wars |
| America First Committee | group opposing US entry into World War II |
| Francisco Franco | dictator of Spain after civil war |
| Winston Churchill | British prime minister during World War II |
| Joseph Stalin | leader of the Soviet Union during World War II |
| Blitzkrieg | rapid German military attack strategy |
| Cash and Carry | policy allowing arms sales to nations that paid cash and transported goods |
| Lend-Lease Act | program providing military aid to Allied nations |
| Pearl Harbor | Japanese attack that brought the US into World War II |
| War Production Board WPB | agency directing wartime industrial production |
| Manhattan Project | secret program developing atomic weapons |
| Office of War Information | agency managing wartime propaganda |
| Womens Army Corps | military unit allowing women to serve in noncombat roles |
| Smith v Allwright | Supreme Court case banning white only primaries |
| Tuskegee Airmen | African American pilots who served in World War II |
| Braceros | Mexican laborers working in the US during the war |
| Korematsu v US | Supreme Court case upholding Japanese American internment |
| Rosie the Riveter | symbol of women working in wartime factories |
| Dwight D Eisenhower | general who led Allied forces in Europe |
| D-Day | Allied invasion of Normandy France |
| Battle of Midway | major US naval victory in the Pacific |
| Island Hopping | strategy of capturing key Pacific islands |
| Kamikaze | Japanese suicide pilots attacking Allied ships |
| Douglas MacArthur | US general commanding forces in the Pacific |
| J Robert Oppenheimer | scientist leading development of atomic bomb |
| Nagasaki and Hiroshima | Japanese cities destroyed by atomic bombs |
| USS Missouri | ship where Japan formally surrendered |
| Harry S Truman | president who approved use of atomic bombs |
| Casablanca Conference | meeting of Allied leaders planning war strategy |
| Yalta Conference | meeting of Allied leaders shaping postwar Europe |
| The United Nations | international organization formed to promote peace |
| Atomic weapons | powerful bombs using nuclear reactions |
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