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Learning Unit Psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vicarious Conditioning | a type of learning in psychology where an individual acquires emotional responses, attitudes, or behaviors by observing the experiences and consequences of others, rather than through direct experience. |
| Observational Learning | learning by observing others aka social learning |
| Social Learning Theory | people learn new behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions by observing and imitating others within a social context. |
| Insight Learning | the sudden, spontaneous realization of a problem's solution |
| Behavioral Perspective | focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states |
| Latent Learning | a type of learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement or behavioral expression |
| Cognitive Maps | mental representation of the layout of ones environment |
| Associative Learning | learning that certain events occur together |
| Classical Conditioning | associating 2 stimulus with each other |
| Operant Conditioning | learning when behavior becomes mre |
| UCS ( Unconditioned Stimulus) | any stimulus that naturally, automatically, and involuntarily triggers a specific, unlearned response |
| CS (Conditioned Stimulus) | an originally neutral stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response |
| NS (Neutral Stimulus) | a stimulus that has no response before conditioning |
| CR (Conditoned Response) | learned response to a previously neutral stimuli |
| UCR (Unconditioned Response) | a natural, automatic, and unlearned reaction |
| positive reinforcement | strengthens behavior by adding a positive stimulus |
| Negative Reinforcement | strengthens behavior by removing an negative stimulus |
| Positive Punishment | decreases behavior by adding an negative consequence |
| Negative Punishment | decreases behavior by removing a desirable stimulus |
| Acquisiton | initial learning when one links neutral stimulus and Conditoned stimulus can trigger the classical conditioning |
| Generalization | tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli |
| Discrimination | learned ability to distinguish a conditioned stimuli and other stimuli similar to it |
| Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus |
| Higher Order Conditioning | a previously neutral stimulus evokes a response without direct association with the original unconditioned stimulus |
| Extinciton | the weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response |
| Taste Aversion | a learned, survival-based behavior where an organism develops a strong, lasting dislike for a specific food |
| One-Trial Conditioning | a form of associative learning where a single experience creates an immediate and lasting behavioral change, |
| Biological Preparedness | a biological pre-disposition to learn associations |
| Counterconditioning | reverses negative associations by pairing a feared or unwanted stimulus with a positive, pleasant, or incompatible action |
| Aversive Conditioning | reduces undesirable behaviors by pairing them with unpleasant, stimuli |
| Reinforcement | an event that strengthens a preceding response |
| Punishment | an event that tends to decrease the behavior that if follows |
| Law of Effect | behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| Learned Helplesness | a psychological state where a person stops trying to change a bad situation because, through past experience, they have learned that their actions do not matter |
| Shaping | a behavioral psychology technique used to teach new or complex behaviors by rewarding small, step-by-step improvements |
| Superstitous Behavior | repeating specific actions in the belief they influence outcomes despite no logical connection. |
| Primary Reinforcer | an innately reinforced stimulus that satisfies a biological need |
| Secondary Reinforcer | A secondary reinforcer (or conditioned reinforcer) is a stimulus that gains reinforcing power by being paired with a primary reinforcer. |
| Instinctive Drift | the tendency of trained animals to revert to innate, species-specific behaviors |
| Fixed Ratio | reinforces behavior after a set amount of responses |
| Fixed Interval | reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| Variable Ratio | reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| Variable Interval | reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
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